Showing papers in "Neurologic Clinics in 2011"

TL;DR: Data from the CATIE trial imply that advantages of second-generation antipsychotics in significantly reducing extrapyramidal side effects compared with haloperidol may be diminished when compared with modest doses of lower-potency first-generation drugs.

TL;DR: This review explores the principle features of the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis, particularly relapsing-remitting MS, including the characterization of cytokine networks promoting inflammatory damage of the central nervous system, B-cell involvement, andinflammatory damage of axons and neurons.

TL;DR: This article focuses on neurocognitive disorders and mental illness, including drug-induced psychosis; motor disorders, including the possible risk of Parkinson's disease, the development of choreoathetoid movements, and punding; and changes in the physical appearance of the methamphetamine users, including dental caries.

TL;DR: The epidemiology of MS is discussed, which suggests that it seems unlikely that MS results from a single causative event, but rather is the result of genetic and environmental factors and the interactions thereof.

TL;DR: The state of the science as it pertains to diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of patients with DOC is reviewed.

TL;DR: Multicomponent interventions to prevent delirium, developed in the non-ICU setting, can be adapted to critically ill patients with the purpose of reducing its incidence and target interventions should be evaluated to preventDelirium in the ICU.

TL;DR: In this paper, a review summarizes the experience of evaluating and treating children with multiple sclerosis and concludes that the family unit is critically important in this age group and plays a different role than in adult MS.

TL;DR: Treatment of MS-associated symptoms remains an essential cornerstone of comprehensive care of patients with MS and, arguably, more favorably enhances quality of life than do the disease-modifying medications.

TL;DR: The evidence for the leading environmental and lifestyle factors thought to play a role in multiple sclerosis onset, including Epstein-Barr virus, sun exposure or vitamin D, and smoking, will be discussed.

TL;DR: A comprehensive evaluation and a multidisciplinary approach to evaluating patients are essential to be able to develop the differential diagnosis needed to design a management plan that maximizes recovery.

TL;DR: Treatment options include pharmacotherapy as well as nonpharmacologic interventions, both of which need to be individualized to the patient.

TL;DR: The most recent guidelines for using clinical, radiological, and other paraclinical information and the red flags that should alert the clinician to investigate other diagnostic possibilities are presented.

TL;DR: Ongoing research to better understand the mechanisms of impaired consciousness in epilepsy, including neuroimaging studies and fundamental animal models, will hopefully soon enable treatment trails to reduce epileptic unconsciousness and improve patient quality of life.

TL;DR: Practical advice on making an accurate diagnosis, options for explaining the diagnosis to the patient, and considering further treatment are provided.

TL;DR: The nature and course of cognitive dysfunction in MS are reviewed, particularly in the context of recent advances in understanding of the diffuse nature of neuropathology in MS, and in thecontext of specific factors that may confer risk or protection for the development of cognitive impairment.

TL;DR: Current data on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of major depression, with special emphasis on the diagnosis and treatment in medical and neurologic patients, are summarized and practical advice for clinician is included.

TL;DR: Potential environmental influences on the development of ALS are discussed, which will facilitate effective treatments and cures for this disorder.

TL;DR: The study of prognostic factors has given some insights into the pathogenesis of MS, notably regarding the relation between relapses and long-term disability, and has emphasized the need to elucidate the exact mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration for the development of new therapeutic targets.

TL;DR: MRI has rapidly become a leading research tool in the study of multiple sclerosis and holds great promise to increase understanding of MS pathogenesis and provide greater insight into the efficacy of new MS therapies.

TL;DR: The authors review pathology and imaging studies and derive mechanistic models for each of these conditions that may guide the development of target-based treatment algorithms to enhance recovery of consciousness in patients.

TL;DR: A thorough evaluation of any patient who develops seizures or mental status changes after transplantation is warranted to distinguish transient reversible causes from serious CNS disorders.

TL;DR: The use, and misuse, of chelation in the diagnosis and management of metal intoxication is focused on.

TL;DR: Pesticides represent one of the largest classes of toxic chemicals produced, stored, and used in the United States and abroad and many are also toxic to nontarget species including humans.

TL;DR: Whether DMDs may significantly alter the development of long-term disability remains uncertain, thus it remains challenging how to best approach the issue ofLong-term benefits from these treatments.

TL;DR: The human leukocyte antigen gene cluster in chromosome 6p21.3 represents by far the strongest MS susceptibility locus genome-wide, with the primary signal arising from the HLA-DRB1gene in the class II segment of the locus.

TL;DR: Clinical, demographic, and additional features that are associated with the risk of relapses and of intermediate-term disability are reviewed.

TL;DR: Magnetic resonance imaging and clinical data show that progression may occur early in the course of MS and specific subsets of progressive patients may respond to disease modifying drugs.

TL;DR: Clues to differentiating FLE from PNES are provided so that neurologists and mental health providers are better equipped to offer treatments for PNES.

TL;DR: The available treatment options, their implementation, side effects, and evidence supporting their efficacy in promoting recovery from MS relapses are reviewed.

TL;DR: A broader understanding of the seizure potential of antidepressants, combined with the ability to recognize individuals at risk for a seizure after an overdose, can aid clinicians in determining the need for inpatient monitoring, and help facilitate their treatment decisions.