Showing papers in "Neurotherapeutics in 2010"

TL;DR: The mechanisms of neurotoxicity associated with chronic microglia activation are reviewed and the role of neuronal death and microglial ROS driving the chronic and toxic microglian phenotype is discussed.

TL;DR: The role of several cytokines and chemokines following focal and diffuse TBI, as well as the controversies around the use of therapeutic anti-inflammatory treatments versus genetic deletion of cytokine expression are addressed.

TL;DR: Experimental work on the complex and varied responses of microglia in terms of both detrimental and beneficial effects is reviewed.

TL;DR: Astroglial cells are engaged in neurological diseases by determining the progression and outcome of neuropathological process, specifically involved in various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and various forms of dementia.

TL;DR: It is proposed that the most effective approach to interrupt posttraumatic oxidative brain damage after TBI might involve the combined treatment with mechanistically complementary antioxidants that simultaneously scavenge LP-initiating free radicals, inhibit LP propagation, and lastly remove neurotoxic LP byproducts.

TL;DR: This review critically re-evaluates the concepts of the functional properties of astrocytes and relates these functions and properties to the intricate morphology of these cells.

TL;DR: Interventions in specific signaling pathways in astrocytes may offer new approaches for the management of chronic pain.

TL;DR: A challenge will be to find ways to selectively suppress the deleterious effects of microglial activation after stroke without compromising neurovascular repair and remodeling.

TL;DR: This review considers general principles and examines selected examples regarding the potential of targeting specific molecular aspects of reactive astrogliosis for therapeutic manipulations, including regulation of glutamate, reactive oxygen species, and cytokines.

TL;DR: The possibility exists that some of these medical conditions may suggest the presence of important genetic and/or biologic markers, which, if identified, can refine the ability to be more precise in categorizing clinical and genetic subtypes within the autism spectrum.

TL;DR: Past and current experience in clinical trials of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), limitations and challenges are discussed, and current directions are summarized to encourage comparison of research findings across studies and encourage high-quality meta-analysis of individual patient data in the future.

TL;DR: It is underscore that the most effective neuroprotective strategies will need to target multiple pathways to reflect the regional and temporal changes underlying diverse neuronal cell death phenotypes, which have led to confusing and at times contradictory nomenclature.

TL;DR: The present review examines how astrocytes confer neuroprotection either through the removal of toxic molecules from the extracellular space or through the release of trophic factors and antioxidant molecules.

TL;DR: This review focuses on the current state of knowledge of the role of calpains in TBI-induced neuropathology and effectiveness of calpain as a therapeutic target in the acute post-traumatic period.

TL;DR: The physiology, pathology, and biochemistry of ammonia are reviewed and it is shown how these elements interact to constitute a syndrome that clinicians refer to as hyperammonemic encephalopathy (i.e., acute liver failure, fulminant hepatic failure, chronic liver disease).

TL;DR: There is still a need to develop reliable methods to diagnose TBI, the secondary pathologies associated with TBO, and predicting the outcomes of TBI.

TL;DR: Two different mutations in the FMR1 gene may lead to autism, with the full mutation leading to hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing of FMR 1, resulting in absence or deficiency of the protein product, FMRP, and the premutation (55–200 CGG repeats) may also contribute to the mechanism of autism.

TL;DR: This article reviews the information now available on the role of astrocytes in the hippocampal seizure focus in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis and proposes that the functions of the astroCyte vascular interface may be more critical to the processes involved in epileptogenesis.

TL;DR: This review focuses on both the positive and the negative influences of astrocytes during stroke, especially as they may be targeted for translation to human trials.

TL;DR: Reports suggest that autism may in fact be a systemic disorder with connections to abnormal immune responses, and how early brain development is altered, may have important therapeutic implications.

TL;DR: Both experimental and clinical data support the beneficial effects of modest hypothermia following TBI in specific patient populations, and positive findings from multicenter TBI trials will be required before this experimental treatment can be considered standard of care.

TL;DR: Broad inclusion criteria, prespecified covariate adjustment, and an ordinal analysis will promote an efficient trial, yielding gains in statistical efficiency of more than 40%.

TL;DR: relevant translational research pertaining to the role of oxytocin in social and repetitive behaviors and clinical implications are discussed and possible directions for future research are pointed to.

TL;DR: Nerve blocks and neurostimulation are reasonable therapeutic options in patients with head and neck neuralgias and can also be effective in primary headache disorders, such as migraine and cluster headaches.

TL;DR: The current evidences supporting a potential toxic role of astrocytes and their viability as therapeutic targets to alter motor neuron degeneration in ALS are reviewed.

TL;DR: Evidence suggests an important role of NO in the tension-type headache and cluster headache, and very strong data from human experimentation make it highly likely that antagonizing NO effects will be effective in the treatment of primary headaches.

TL;DR: Current evidence supporting the involvement of PACAP in migraine pathophysiology and the PAC1 receptor as a possible novel target for migraine treatment is summarized.

TL;DR: The study of molecularly targeted treatments in TSC and related disorders may be of scientific and clinical value not only to those with TSC, but to a larger population that may have a neuropsychiatric phenotype attributable to mTOR overactivation or dysregulation.

TL;DR: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is expressed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems, consistent with control of vasodilatation, nociception, motor function, secretion, and olfaction.

TL;DR: The data on TMS as a treatment of migraine is summarized, directions for future research are suggested, and a small body of evidence suggests that rTMS may have a role, but further studies are needed.