Showing papers in "Pharmacology & Therapeutics in 2005"

TL;DR: Experimental evidence in humans indicates that the glucuronidation of acetaminophen, codeine, zidovudine, carbamazepine, lorazepam, and propafenone can influenced by specific interacting drugs but is not affected appreciably by the drugs investigated to date.

TL;DR: Flavin-containing monooxygenase oxygenates drugs and xenobiotics containing a "soft-nucleophile", usually nitrogen or sulfur, and cytochrome P450 is the major contributor to oxidative xenobiotic metabolism.

TL;DR: The case for as-yet-unidentified receptors implicated in the endothelium-dependent vasodilator effect of certain cannabinoids and in the presynaptic inhibition of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus are reviewed.

TL;DR: Because of the ability ofRNAi to silence disease-associated genes in tissue culture and animal models, the development of RNAi-based reagents for clinical applications is gathering pace, as technological enhancements that improve siRNA stability and delivery in vivo, while minimising off-target and nonspecific effects, are developed.

TL;DR: In this paper, a review of apelin/APJAPJ involvement in the regulation of cardiovascular function and HIV pathology is presented, emphasizing the properties of this receptor system that may make it a successful future drug target.

TL;DR: The purpose of this review is to describe the principles, status, and challenges of myocardial tissue engineering with emphasize on the concept of in situ cardiac tissue engineering and regeneration.

TL;DR: A comparison of four isoforms of hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels have been cloned more recently and shown to be the molecular correlates of native f-channels in the heart and h-ch channels in the brain, providing insight into the molecular basis of the pacemaker current properties.

TL;DR: A two-stage hypothesis of pathogenesis of delayed cerebral vasospasm is presented developed in the Vascular Laboratory of Surgical Neurology Branch of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke using a primate model of SAH and suggests that the key treatment should be focused on preventing oxyHb neurotoxicity, inhibiting BOX production, and exogenous NO delivery.

TL;DR: FTY720 displays a novel mechanism of action that has not been observed with other immunosuppressive agents and shows a synergism with cyclosporin A (CsA) and tacrolimus, and it is presumed that FTY720 provides a useful tool for the prevention of transplant rejection and a new therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases.

TL;DR: The physiological role of the 5'-nucleotidases will be covered, as will the evidence that these enzymes can mediate resistance to nucleoside analogues, a class of anticancer and antiviral agents that rely on the nucleosid kinases for phosphorylation to their active forms.

TL;DR: Recent studies have offered new insights into the cause of AE and indicate that injury-induced alterations in intracellular calcium concentration levels [Ca(2+)](i) and calcium homeostatic mechanisms play a role in the development and maintenance of AE.

TL;DR: The thoughtful design of new clinical trials of A(2A) antagonists should take into consideration these counterbalancing hopes and concerns and may do well to shift toward a broader set of disease-modifying as well as symptomatic indications in early PD.

TL;DR: Several clinically useful atypical antipsychotics and antidepressants have 5-HT6 affinity, but recently developed selective 5- HT6 receptor antagonists may present attractive, new therapeutic options for several types of disease states.

TL;DR: Because addiction usually starts in adolescence or early adulthood and is frequently comorbid with mental illness, the authors need to expand their treatment interventions in this age group both for substance abuse and psychiatric disorders.

TL;DR: In the present review, the regulation of a cardiac gene program by Csx/Nkx2-5 is summarized, with an emphasis on its role in the cardiac development and diseases.

TL;DR: The present work reviews the data on the regulation and location of cyclooxygenases at central and peripheral sites of the nociceptive pathway and focuses on the role of COX in the generation and maintenance of pain hypersensitivity.

TL;DR: This review examines in detail some animal and human models that have led not only to important theories of addiction mechanisms but also to medications shown to be effective in the clinic.

TL;DR: Recent advances in research on physiological roles and pathophysiological implications of NO in penile erection and on novel therapy for ED in reference to NO are included.

TL;DR: The current knowledge on the role of cytokine pathways in MS and what the authors learned from investigation of its animal model: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are summarized.

TL;DR: This review will examine the implications of cocaine-induced alterations in mesolimbic dopamine receptor signaling within the context of several widely used animal models of addiction.

TL;DR: It may be possible to pharmacologically control brain Aβ levels with somatostatin receptor agonists, which acts via a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and has been identified as a modulator that increases brain neprilysin activity, resulting in a decrease of A β levels.

TL;DR: Various mechanisms for in vitro and in vivo α-synuclein aggregation and neurotoxicity are summarized, and their relevance to neuropathology is explored.

TL;DR: The role of Zn in airway epithelium (AE) is reviewed, and what is known about its distribution and function is considered, and evidence for altered Zn metabolism in asthma and other chronic diseases of airway inflammation is considered.

TL;DR: The contribution of natural products to the discovery of TRP channels and to the development of novel drugs to treat pathological conditions in which these channels are involved is focused on.

TL;DR: This review offers a general overview of recent advances from studies by the author and colleagues on the biosynthesis and bioactions of the novel anti-inflammatory lipid mediators, resolvins, docosatrienes, and neuroprotectins as well as their endogenous aspirin-triggered epimeric counterparts.

TL;DR: The purpose of this review is to summarize the regulation of apoptosis by nitric oxide (NO) and to discuss the potential role that NO plays in cardiomyocyte apoptosis during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion and development of heart failure.

TL;DR: A brief overview of the data on the newly identified candidate targets of the second messenger-activated protein kinases in the presynaptic release machinery is presented and the potential impact of these phosphorylation events in synaptic strength and Presynaptic plasticity is discussed.

TL;DR: A significant body of evidence supports the concept of predicting drug efficacy and toxicity by SNP genotyping, as the efficacy of cancer chemotherapy, as well as the drug-related toxicity in normal tissues is multifactorial in nature, and sophisticated approaches such as genome-wide linkage analyses and integrate drug pathway profiling may improve the predictive power.

TL;DR: The combined data suggest that acute ethanol administration can both increase and decrease the release of these transmitters from synaptic terminals, and more recent results suggest that prolonged or chronic ethanol treatment can also alter the function of presynaptic terminals.

TL;DR: A new class of acid suppressant, the potassium-competitive acid blockers (P-CABs), is undergoing clinical trials in GERD and other acid-related diseases and it is unlikely that cholecystokinin2 (CCK2, gastrin) receptor antagonists, a class in clinical trials, will be superior to H2RAs or PPIs.