Showing papers in "Psychology of Men and Masculinity in 2004"
TL;DR: In this article, the Somatomorphic Matrix was used to assess body image and associated psychological traits in 154 college men, including depression, eating disorders, self-esteem, and use of performance-enhancing substances.
Abstract: The present study examined body image and associated psychological traits in 154 college men. The comprehensive battery of measures included a novel computerized test of body image perception, the Somatomorphic Matrix, in which subjects could navigate through a range of body images, spanning a wide range of body fat and muscularity, to answer various questions posed by the computer. Subjects also completed paper-and-pencil instruments assessing depression, characteristics of eating disorders, self-esteem, and use of performance-enhancing substances. Findings suggest that contemporary American men display substantial body dissatisfaction and that this dissatisfaction is closely associated with depression, measures of eating pathology, use of performance-enhancing substances, and low self-esteem. Muscle belittlement, believing that one is less muscular than he is, presented as an important construct in the body dissatisfaction of men.
572 citations
547 citations
TL;DR: The most effective measures of male body image were the Drive for Muscularity Scale (D. R. McCreary and D. K. Sasse, 2000), somatomorphic matrix (A. J. Gruber, H. G. Pope, J. Borowiecki, & G. Cohane, 1999), and a modification to the somatomorphic matrix introduced here as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Much body image research has been directed toward the study of males (H. G. Pope, K. A. Phillips, & R. Olivardia, 2000). However, little attention has been devoted to consideration of which methods yield the most accurate measurement of this population. Based on numerous social psychological studies indicating the salience of a muscular appearance (e.g., H. G. Pope, R. Olivardia, A. Gruber, & J. Borowiecki, 1999), 3 guidelines were derived for assessing male body image. Existing methods of male body image assessment were evaluated based on their adherence to these guidelines and avoidance of methodological shortcomings. The most effective measures of male body image were the Drive for Muscularity Scale (D. R. McCreary & D. K. Sasse, 2000), somatomorphic matrix (A. J. Gruber, H. G. Pope, J. Borowiecki, & G. Cohane, 1999), and a modification to the somatomorphic matrix introduced here.
329 citations
286 citations
TL;DR: For example, this paper found that participants' drive for muscularity correlated negatively with the level of appearance self-esteem and positively with level of vanity, as well as the discrepancy between the body figures they selected to represent their current and ideal physiques.
Abstract: s 412, 304, and 250) were conducted to create a psychometrically soundmeasure of the drive for muscularity, which is defined as the desire, typically found in males, toachieve a muscular mesomorphic body. The 8-item Drive for Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire(DMAQ) possessed satisfactory reliability and a stable, unidimensional factor structure. As pre-dicted, participants’ drive for muscularity correlated negatively with level of appearance self-esteem and positively with level of vanity. In addition, as participants’ drive for muscularityincreased, so did the discrepancy between the body figures they selected to represent their currentand ideal physiques. Finally, participants’ drive for muscularity correlated positively with variousindexes of body image investment, including protein consumption and weight training.
90 citations
68 citations
TL;DR: Men with low as opposed to high levels of restrictive emotionality expressed more favorable perceptions of face-to-face counseling compared to online counseling as discussed by the authors, with more pronounced improvements in online counseling value for men reviewing online counseling vignettes.
Abstract: The present study investigated men’s perceptions of online versus face-to-face counseling. One hundred ninety-one men with a range of restrictive emotionality and online counseling attitudes reviewed face-to-face or online counseling vignettes using a cognition- or emotion-based therapeutic approach. Overall, participants’ evaluations of counseling approaches were similar across modality and theoretical approach. However, men with low as opposed to high levels of restrictive emotionality expressed more favorable perceptions of face-to-face counseling. Significant improvements in online counseling attitudes were observed across the entire sample, with more pronounced improvements in online counseling value for men reviewing online counseling vignettes. Results are discussed within the context of men’s underutilization of counseling services and the online counseling literature. Suggestions for further research are provided.
65 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the association between gender-role ideology and features of intimate partner aggression, with attention to how this relationship varied as a function of gender, and found that the inclusion of gender may be needed to provide a clearer, more representative picture of the relationship between gender role ideology and partner aggression.
Abstract: This study examined the association between gender-role ideology (scores on a nonegalitarian-egalitarian attitudinal dimension) and features of intimate partner aggression, with attention to how this relationship varied as a function of gender. Undergraduates from a large northeastern urban university (N = 250) completed measures of relationship quality, gender-role ideology, psychological abuse, psychological victimization, physical abuse, physical victimization, and attitudes toward aggression. Controlling for relationship quality, significant interactions between gender and gender-role ideology were found for all dependent variables. For men, the association between ideology and aggression was consistently negative; for women, the pattern of relationships was more variable. Results suggest that the inclusion of gender may be needed to provide a clearer, more representative picture of the association between gender-role ideology and partner aggression.
64 citations
62 citations
61 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the relationship between women's perceptions of men's gender role conflict and women's relationship satisfaction and well-being and found that women who perceived their romantic partners as scoring higher on Success, Power, and Competition and lower on Restrictive Affectionate Behavior Between Men reported greater levels of depression and anxiety.
Abstract: This study evaluated the relationship between women’s perceptions of men’s gender role conflict and women’s relationship satisfaction and well-being. One hundred seventy-five women reported perceptions of their most recent or current male romantic partner’s gender role conflict and rated their own levels of somatization, depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and relationship satisfaction. Women who perceived their romantic partners as scoring higher on Success, Power, and Competition and lower on Restrictive Affectionate Behavior Between Men reported greater levels of depression and anxiety. Women who perceived their partners as scoring lower on Success, Power, and Competition and Restrictive Emotionality reported greater relationship satisfaction. Gender role conflict factors did not predict women’s somatization or self-esteem levels. Counseling implications, suggestions for future research, and limitations are discussed.
TL;DR: This article investigated the relation among masculine role conflict, problem-solving appraisal, and three aspects of psychological distress (depression, anxiety, and dissatisfaction with social support) using latent variable modeling in a sample of 260 male college students.
Abstract: The relations among masculine role conflict, problem-solving appraisal, and 3 aspects of psy-chological distress (depression, anxiety, and dissatisfaction with social support) were investigatedusing latent variable modeling in a sample of 260 male college students. The final model indicatedacceptable representation of the data and explained 35% of variance in men’s experience ofpsychological distress. Problem-solving appraisal predicted 34% of men’s psychological distress.However, contrary to published research, masculine role conflict accounted for only 1% of men’sexperience of psychological distress via its indirect relation through problem-solving appraisal.These findings call into question the uniformity myth that greater masculine role conflict isclosely associated with men’s experience of psychological distress. Potentially salient implica-tions of the findings for practice and future research are discussed.
TL;DR: This paper developed the Auburn Differential Masculinity Inventory (ADMI), a 60-item inventory that provides a total score plus five provisional scales reflecting hypermasculinity, sexual identity, dominance and aggression, conservative masculinity and devaluation of emotion.
Abstract: Hypermasculinity has been defined as exaggerated masculinity, including callous attitudes toward women and sex, and the perception of violence as manly and danger as exciting (D. L. Mosher & S. S. Tomkins, 1988). Hypermasculinity is correlated with sexual assault, poor relationships, and poor interpersonal coping. Criticisms of existing measures include biased or objectionable language, outdated phrasing, and forced-choice items. To address these problems, rational and empirically based procedures, including factor analysis, were used to develop the Auburn Differential Masculinity Inventory (ADMI). This 60-item inventory provides a total score plus 5 provisional scales reflecting hypermasculinity, sexual identity, dominance and aggression, conservative masculinity, and devaluation of emotion. The ADMI-60 has demonstrated adequate reliability and validity. Subscale development is ongoing. As such, scale scores should be interpreted cautiously.
TL;DR: This article found that men with higher levels of gender role conflict were more tolerant of harassment than those with higher scores on the gender role conflicts, and the training intervention was partially effective, with a positive impact on the identification of harassment but no significant impact on harassment tolerance.
Abstract: This study tested the relationship of gender role conflict, harassment tolerance, and the effectiveness of a harassment training program. Men (n 98) were randomly assigned to either a training or no-training condition and were shown a video depicting harassment between a professor and a student. As anticipated, men with higher levels of gender role conflict were more tolerant of harassment. The training intervention was partially effective, with a positive impact on the identification of harassment but no significant impact on harassment tolerance. Men scoring lower on the Success, Power, and Competition subscale of the Gender Role Conflict Scale (J. M. O’Neil, B. F. Helms, R. K. Gable, L. David, & L. S. Wrightsman, 1986) evidenced a greater reduction of harassment tolerance compared with those with higher scores on the scale.
TL;DR: O'Neill et al. as discussed by the authors examined the relationship between masculine gender role conflict and attachment in college men and found that men with secure attachment styles had significantly less gender role conflicts with Restrictive Emotionality when compared with men with preoccupied, dismissive, or fearful attachment styles.
Abstract: This study examined the relationship between masculine gender role conflict and attachment in college men. One hundred seventy male undergraduate students completed the Gender Role Conflict Scale (J. M. O’ Neil, B. Helms, R. Gable, L. David, & L. Wrightsman, 1986) and the Relationship Questionnaire (K. Bartholomew & L. M. Horowitz, 1991). The results demonstrated that men with secure attachment styles had significantly less gender role conflict with Restrictive Emotionality when compared with men with preoccupied, dismissive, or fearful attachment styles. In addition, men with a secure attachment style had significantly less conflict with Success, Power, and Competition when compared with men with fearful attachment styles. Implications of the results for understanding the relationship between attachment and masculine gender role conflict are discussed.
TL;DR: The authors explored the relationship between gender role conflict and attitudes toward women and African Americans using a sample of undergraduate men enrolled in a southern university and found that attitudes towards women as the dependent variable and gender role conflicts as the independent variable.
Abstract: The relationship between gender role conflict and attitudes toward women and African Americans was explored using a sample of undergraduate men enrolled in a southern university. The 1st regression involved attitudes toward women as the dependent variable and gender role conflict as the independent
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between personality styles and gender role conflict and found that the aggressive, histrionic, narcissistic, and dependent personality styles predicted specific gender roles conflict factors.
Abstract: This study examined the relationship between personality styles and gender role conflict. The participants consisted of 366 male inmates incarcerated in a medium-security prison in the southern United States. Eleven personality styles, as measured by the Millon Multiaxial Clinical Inventory-III (T. Millon, 1994), were used to predict the 4 factors of gender role conflict as measured by the Gender Role Conflict Scale (J. M. O'Neil, B. Helms, R. Gable, L. David, & L. Wrightsman, 1986). The results indicate that the aggressive, histrionic, narcissistic, and dependent personality style predicted specific gender role conflict factors. The implications for the effect of personality on gender role conflict are discussed.