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2019 Cost of Wind Energy Review

Tyler Stehly, +2 more
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The article was published on 2020-12-30 and is currently open access. It has received 70 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Wind power.

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NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC
This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.
Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308
Technical Report
NREL/TP-5000-78471
December 2020
2019 Cost of Wind Energy Review
Tyler Stehly,
Philipp Beiter, and Patrick Duffy
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC
This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.
Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
15013 Denver West Parkway
Golden, CO 80401
303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov
Technical Report
NREL/TP-5000-78471
December 2020
Philipp Beiter, and Patrick Duffy
2019 Cost of Wind Energy Review.
Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-5000-78471.
.
NOTICE
This work was authored by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable
Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Funding
provided by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Wind Energy
Technologies Office. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S.
Government.
This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable
Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications
.
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) reports produced after 1991
and a growing number of pre-1991 documents are available
free via www.OSTI.gov
.
Cover Photos by Dennis Schroeder: (clockwise, left to right) NREL 51934, NREL 45897, NREL 42160, NREL 45891, NREL 48097,
NREL 46526.
NREL prints on paper that contains recycled content.
iii
This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Patrick Gilman (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy Wind Energy Technologies Office [WETO]) for supporting
this research. Thanks also to Daniel Beals of Allegheny Science and Technology (contractor to
WETO), Gage Reber (WETO fellow), Alice Orrell (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory), and
Bret Barker (contractor to WETO) for reviewing prior versions of this manuscript. Thank you to
Ryan Wiser and Mark Bolinger (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) and Alice Orrell
(Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) for their analysis of wind project market data that
informed this analysis and also to Travis Williams, Nick Grue, and Anthony Lopez (National
Renewable Energy Laboratory) for their work in developing the national wind supply curves.
Thanks also to Eric Lantz (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) for his technical guidance,
contributions, and review of prior versions of this manuscript. Any remaining errors or omissions
are the sole responsibility of the authors.
iv
This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.
List of Acronyms
AEP annual energy production
ATB Annual Technology Baseline
BOS balance of system
CapEx capital expenditures
CRF capital recovery factor
CSM Cost and Scaling Model
DOE U.S. Department of Energy
FCR fixed charge rate
GPRA Government Performance and Results Act
GW gigawatt
kW kilowatt
LandBOSSE Land-based Balance of System Systems
Engineering
LCOE levelized cost of energy
m meter
m/s meters per second
MACRS Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System
MW megawatt
MWh megawatt-hour
NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory
O&M operation and maintenance
OpEx operational expenditures
ORCA Offshore Wind Regional Cost Analyzer
PTC production tax credit
USD U.S. dollars
WACC weighted-average cost of capital
WETO Wind Energy Technologies Office
yr year
Figures
Citations
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Secular decrease of wind power potential in India associated with warming in the Indian Ocean.

Meng Gao, +6 more
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TL;DR: It is shown that wind power potential in India may have declined secularly over this interval, particularly in western India, and a multivariable linear regression model incorporating the pressure gradient between the Indian Ocean and the Indian subcontinent can account for the interannual variability of wind power.
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Distributed Wind Market Report: 2021 Edition

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Wind power production from very large offshore wind farms

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- 20 Oct 2021 - 
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide the first quantitative assessment of power production and wake generation from offshore wind energy lease areas along the U.S. east coast, showing that wind-farm wakes can extend up to 90 km downwind of the largest lease areas, and the frequency-weighted average area with a 5% velocity deficit is 2.6 times the footprint of the lease areas.
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Techno-economic Analysis of Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power (CCHP) System Integrated with Multiple Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage Units

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- 01 Nov 2022 - 
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors presented the optimal design of a multi-source renewable energy combined cooling, heating, and power (M−RCCHP) system integrated with energy storage units for an apartment community from technoeconomic perspectives using response surface methodology (RSM) and dynamic evaluation.
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Opportunities for and challenges to further reductions in the “specific power” rating of wind turbines installed in the United States:

Mark Bolinger, +5 more
- 01 Apr 2021 - 
TL;DR: A wind turbine's specific power rating relates its capacity to the swept area of its rotor in terms of Watt per square meter as discussed by the authors, and the specific power declines as rotor size increases, which is not the case for a generator.
References
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ReportDOI

A manual for the economic evaluation of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies

Walter Short, +2 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a guide for analyzing the economics of energy efficiency and renewable energy (EE) technologies and projects, which is intended to help analysts determine the appropriate approach or type of analysis and the appropriate level of detail.
Journal ArticleDOI

Wind Vision: A New Era for Wind Power in the United States

Ryan Wiser, +7 more
- 01 Nov 2015 - 
TL;DR: Despite near-to medium-term cost barriers, a future U.S. electricity system in which wind plays a major role is technically feasible and could result in enduring benefits globally, nationally, and locally as discussed by the authors.
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The International Electrotechnical Commission

J. Eccles
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TL;DR: The meeting of the Advisory Technical Committees of the International Electrotechnical Commission (ITC) was held in Brussels from March 27th to April 1st, 1989 as mentioned in this paper.
ReportDOI

2016 Offshore Wind Energy Resource Assessment for the United States

Walt Musial, +4 more
ReportDOI

2011 Cost of Wind Energy Review

Suzanne Tegen, +5 more
TL;DR: In this article, the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for a typical land-based wind turbine installed in the United States in 2011, as well as the modeled LCOE for a fixed-bottom offshore wind turbine, were presented.