Journal ArticleDOI
A nonlinear field theory of deformable dielectrics
TLDR
In this article, a new formulation of the field theory of dielectric solids is proposed, which does not start with Newton's laws of mechanics and Maxwell-Faraday theory of electrostatics, but produces them as consequences.Abstract:
Two difficulties have long troubled the field theory of dielectric solids. First, when two electric charges are placed inside a dielectric solid, the force between them is not a measurable quantity. Second, when a dielectric solid deforms, the true electric field and true electric displacement are not work conjugates. These difficulties are circumvented in a new formulation of the theory in this paper. Imagine that each material particle in a dielectric is attached with a weight and a battery, and prescribe a field of virtual displacement and a field of virtual voltage. Associated with the virtual work done by the weights and inertia, define the nominal stress as the conjugate to the gradient of the virtual displacement. Associated with the virtual work done by the batteries, define the nominal electric displacement as the conjugate to the gradient of virtual voltage. The approach does not start with Newton's laws of mechanics and Maxwell–Faraday theory of electrostatics, but produces them as consequences. The definitions lead to familiar and decoupled field equations. Electromechanical coupling enters the theory through material laws. In the limiting case of a fluid dielectric, the theory recovers the Maxwell stress. The approach is developed for finite deformation, and is applicable to both elastic and inelastic dielectrics. As applications of the theory, we discuss material laws for elastic dielectrics, and study infinitesimal fields superimposed upon a given field, including phenomena such as vibration, wave propagation, and bifurcation.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Theory of dielectric elastomers
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a theory of dielectric elastomers, developed within continuum mechanics and thermodynamics, and motivated by molecular pictures and empirical observations, which couples large deformation and electric potential, and describes nonlinear and nonequilibrium behavior, such as electromechanical instability and viscoelasticity.
Journal ArticleDOI
A theory of coupled diffusion and large deformation in polymeric gels
TL;DR: A theory of the coupled mass transport and large deformation of a polymeric gel, which assumes that the local rearrangement of molecules is instantaneous, and model the long-range migration by assuming that the small molecules diffuse inside the gel.
Journal ArticleDOI
25th Anniversary Article: A Soft Future: From Robots and Sensor Skin to Energy Harvesters
Siegfried Bauer,Simona Bauer-Gogonea,Ingrid Graz,Martin Kaltenbrunner,Martin Kaltenbrunner,Christoph Keplinger,Christoph Keplinger,Reinhard Schwödiauer +7 more
TL;DR: This review discusses soft robots which allow actuation with several degrees of freedom, and shows that different actuation mechanisms lead to similar actuators, capable of complex and smooth movements in 3d space.
Journal ArticleDOI
Electromechanical hysteresis and coexistent states in dielectric elastomers
Xuanhe Zhao,Wei Hong,Zhigang Suo +2 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the free energy function is typically non-convex, causing the elastomer to undergo a discontinuous transition from a thick state to a thin state.
Journal ArticleDOI
Maximal energy that can be converted by a dielectric elastomer generator
TL;DR: In this article, a dielectric elastomer generator is used to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy by using a generator that is susceptible to various modes of failure, including electrical breakdown, electromechanical instability, loss of tension, and rupture by stretch.
References
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Book
Electrodynamics of continuous media
TL;DR: In this article, the propagation of electromagnetic waves and X-ray diffraction of X rays in crystals are discussed. But they do not consider the effects of superconductivity on superconducting conductors.
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A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism
TL;DR: The most influential nineteenth-century scientist for twentieth-century physics, James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) demonstrated that electricity, magnetism and light are all manifestations of the same phenomenon: the electromagnetic field as discussed by the authors.
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Principles and Applications of Ferroelectrics and Related Materials
TL;DR: In this paper, the theory of ferroelectricity in terms of soft modes and lattice dynamics is developed and modern techniques of measurement, including X-ray, optic, and neutron scattering, infra-red absorption, and magnetic resonance.