Journal ArticleDOI
Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory.
TLDR
Attentional control theory is an approach to anxiety and cognition representing a major development of Eysenck and Calvo's (1992) processing efficiency theory and may not impair performance effectiveness when it leads to the use of compensatory strategies (e.g., enhanced effort; increased use of processing resources).Abstract:
Attentional control theory is an approach to anxiety and cognition representing a major development of Eysenck and Calvo's (1992) processing efficiency theory. It is assumed that anxiety impairs efficient functioning of the goal-directed attentional system and increases the extent to which processing is influenced by the stimulus-driven attentional system. In addition to decreasing attentional control, anxiety increases attention to threat-related stimuli. Adverse effects of anxiety on processing efficiency depend on two central executive functions involving attentional control: inhibition and shifting. However, anxiety may not impair performance effectiveness (quality of performance) when it leads to the use of compensatory strategies (e.g., enhanced effort; increased use of processing resources). Directions for future research are discussed.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: An integrative review.
TL;DR: Evidence regarding the mechanisms of attentional biases is reviewed through careful examination of the components of Attentional bias, the mechanisms underlying these components, and the stage of information processing during which the biases occur.
Journal ArticleDOI
How do emotion and motivation direct executive control
TL;DR: The 'dual competition' framework proposes that emotion and motivation affect both perceptual and executive competition, and the anterior cingulate cortex is hypothesized to be engaged in attentional/effortful control mechanisms and to interact with several other brain structures in integrating affectively significant signals with control signals in prefrontal cortex.
Journal ArticleDOI
The effect of pain on cognitive function: a review of clinical and preclinical research.
TL;DR: The anatomical, neurochemical and molecular substrates common to both cognitive processing and supraspinal pain processing are described, and the evidence for their involvement in pain-related cognitive impairment is presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: a meta-analytic review and synthesis.
TL;DR: Eye tracking research on anxiety and depression is reviewed, evaluating the experimental paradigms and eye movement indicators used to study attentional biases and suggesting avenues for future research using eye-tracking technology.
Journal ArticleDOI
Trait anxiety and impoverished prefrontal control of attention.
TL;DR: Findings indicate that trait anxiety is linked to impoverished recruitment of prefrontal attentional control mechanisms to inhibit distractor processing even when threat-related stimuli are absent.
References
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Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
TL;DR: The STAI as mentioned in this paper is an indicator of two types of anxiety, the state and trait anxiety, and measure the severity of the overall anxiety level, which is appropriate for those who have at least a sixth grade reading level.
Journal ArticleDOI
The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "Frontal Lobe" tasks: a latent variable analysis.
Akira Miyake,Naomi P. Friedman,Michael J. Emerson,Alexander H. Witzki,Amy Howerter,Tor D. Wager +5 more
TL;DR: The results suggest that it is important to recognize both the unity and diversity ofExecutive functions and that latent variable analysis is a useful approach to studying the organization and roles of executive functions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain
TL;DR: Evidence for partially segregated networks of brain areas that carry out different attentional functions is reviewed, finding that one system is involved in preparing and applying goal-directed selection for stimuli and responses, and the other is specialized for the detection of behaviourally relevant stimuli.
Journal ArticleDOI
An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function
Earl K. Miller,Jonathan D. Cohen +1 more
TL;DR: It is proposed that cognitive control stems from the active maintenance of patterns of activity in the prefrontal cortex that represent goals and the means to achieve them, which provide bias signals to other brain structures whose net effect is to guide the flow of activity along neural pathways that establish the proper mappings between inputs, internal states, and outputs needed to perform a given task.
Book ChapterDOI
Chapter 11 Working memory
TL;DR: This chapter demonstrates the functional importance of dopamine to working memory function in several ways and demonstrates that a network of brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, is critical for the active maintenance of internal representations.