Journal ArticleDOI
BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve nonruminant animal production.
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TLDR
The future of enzymes in nonruminant animal production is promising and will likely include an understanding of the role of enzyme supplementation in promoting health as well as how enzymes may modulate gene functions.Abstract:
Diets fed to nonruminant animals are composed mainly of feed ingredients of plant origin. A variety of antinutritional factors such as phytin, nonstarch polysaccharides, and protease inhibitors may be present in these feed ingredients, which could limit nutrients that may be utilized by animals fed such diets. The primary nutrient utilization-limiting effect of phytin arises from the binding of 6 phosphate groups, thus making the P unavailable to the animal. The negative charges allow for formation of insoluble phytin-metal complexes with many divalent cations. Furthermore, phytin and protein can form binary complexes through electrostatic links of its charged phosphate groups with either the free amino group on AA on proteins or via formation of ternary complexes of phytin, Ca(2+), and protein. The form and extent of de novo formation of binary and ternary complexes of phytin and protein are likely to be important variables that influence the effectiveness of nutrient hydrolysis in plant-based diets. Nonstarch polysacharides reduce effective energy and nutrient utilization by nonruminant animals because of a lack of the enzymes needed for breaking down the complex cell wall structure that encapsulate other nutrients. Enzymes are used in nonruminant animal production to promote growth and efficiency of nutrient utilization and reduce nutrient excretion. The enzymes used include those that target phytin and nonstarch polysaccharides. Phytase improves growth and enhances P utilization, but positive effects on other nutrients are not always observed. Nonstarch polysaccharide-hydrolyzing enzymes are less consistent in their effects on growth and nutrient utilization, although they show promise and it is imperative to closely match both types and amounts of nonstarch polysaccharides with appropriate enzyme for beneficial effects. When used together with phytase, nonstarch polysaccharide-hydrolyzing enzymes may increase the accessibility of phytase to phytin encapsulated in cell walls. The future of enzymes in nonruminant animal production is promising and will likely include an understanding of the role of enzyme supplementation in promoting health as well as how enzymes may modulate gene functions. This review is an attempt to summarize current thinking in this area, provide some clarity in nomenclature and mechanisms, and suggest opportunities for expanded exploitation of this unique biotechnology.read more
Citations
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Antibiotic alternatives: the substitution of antibiotics in animal husbandry?
TL;DR: It is hard to conclude that the alternatives might substitute antibiotics in veterinary medicine in the foreseeable future, but prudent use of antibiotics and the establishment of scientific monitoring systems are the best and fastest way to limit the adverse effects of the abused antibiotics and to ensure the safety of animal-derived food and environment.
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Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: a review.
TL;DR: Optimal combinations of various alternatives coupled with good management and husbandry practices will be the key to maximize performance and maintain animal productivity, while the ultimate goal of reducing antibiotic use in the animal industry is moved forward.
Journal ArticleDOI
Phytase in non-ruminant animal nutrition: a critical review on phytase activities in the gastrointestinal tract and influencing factors.
TL;DR: A phytase that works over a wide range of pH values and is active in the stomach and upper intestine (along with several other characteristics and in addition to being refractory to endogenous enzymes) would be ideal.
Journal ArticleDOI
Utilisation of dietary carbohydrates in farmed fishes: New insights on influencing factors, biological limitations and future strategies
TL;DR: This review intends to put together pieces of the puzzle of dietary carbohydrate utilisation in fish based on new insights gained with respect to the various biological, nutritional and environmental factors influencing carbohydrate use, and promising future approaches to augment carbohydrate use in fish.
Journal ArticleDOI
Strategies to modulate the intestinal microbiota and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, and health of poultry
Sudhir Yadav,Rajesh Jha +1 more
TL;DR: A review of the available information on the effect of feed additives used to modulate intestinal microbiota of poultry and their effects on overall health and growth performance will help future researchers and industry to identify alternative feed ingredients having properties like prebiotics, probiotics, organic acids, and exogenous enzymes.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Improvement of phosphorus availability by microbial phytase in broilers and pigs.
P. C. M. Simons,H. A. J. Versteegh,A. W. Jongbloed,P. A. Kemme,P. Slump,K. D. Bos,M. G. E. Wolters,R. F. Beudeker,G. J. Verschoor +8 more
TL;DR: When microbial phytase was added to low-P diets for broilers the availability of P increased to over 60% and the amount of P in the droppings decreased by 50%, and the growth rate and feed conversion ratio were comparable to or even better than those obtained on control diets.
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Microbial phytase in poultry nutrition
TL;DR: There is a distinct possibility that phytate negatively influences protein and energy utilisation in poultry and, as these influences would be ameliorated by phytase, there are substantial, practical implications.
Journal ArticleDOI
Arabinoxylans and Endoxylanases in Wheat Flour Bread-making
TL;DR: For the past 50 years the function of arabinoxylans in bread-making has been the subject of much debate and controversy as discussed by the authors, and a survey of the relevant work is presented in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Biology and biotechnology of Trichoderma
André Schuster,Monika Schmoll +1 more
TL;DR: This review aims to give a broad overview on the qualities and versatility of the best studied Trichoderma species and to highlight intriguing findings as well as promising applications.
Journal ArticleDOI
Biochemical Characterization of Fungal Phytases (myo-Inositol Hexakisphosphate Phosphohydrolases): Catalytic Properties
Markus Wyss,Roland Brugger,Alexandra Kronenberger,R. Remy,Rachel Fimbel,Gottfried Oesterhelt,Martin Lehmann,Adolphus P. G. M. van Loon +7 more
TL;DR: To extend the biochemical characterization of wild-type phytases, the catalytic properties of a series of fungal phytased, as well as Escherichia coli phytase, were determined and phosphate liberation kinetics were studied in vitro.