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COVID-19 in Portugal: exploring the immediate psychological impact on the general population.

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TLDR
Women, the unemployed, those with lower education, living in rural areas, and with flu-like symptoms or chronic disorders were risk factors and further research is needed to identify vulnerable groups to better inform and adapt mental health policies and interventions.
Abstract
Like previous pandemics, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has direct and indirect effects, including in mental health. To evaluate the immediate psychological impact of COVID-19, we conducted an online survey in Portugal (24-27 March 2020), using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). From the 10,529 participants (M = 31.33; SD = 9.73), 83.4% were women, had a mean age of 31.2 years, and 70.9% were active workers. Depression, anxiety, and stress were rated as moderate to severe in 11.7%, 16.9%, and 5.6% of the sample, respectively. Moreover, 49.2% of participants reported a moderate or severe psychological impact of the outbreak. Women, the unemployed, those with lower education, living in rural areas, and with flu-like symptoms or chronic disorders were risk factors. Further research is needed to identify vulnerable groups to better inform and adapt mental health policies and interventions.

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Prevalence of anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic: An updated meta-analysis of community-based studies.

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Psychological impact of the quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic on the general European adult population: a systematic review of the evidence

TL;DR: In this paper , a systematic search was conducted on four electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus and Google Scholar) to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 quarantine on the general population's mental health in different European countries.
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Mental Distress and Its Contributing Factors Among Young People During the First Wave of COVID-19: A Belgian Survey Study

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined mental distress and its contributing factors among young Belgian people and found that mental distress was highest among women, those experiencing loneliness or low social support and those whose usual everyday life was most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Psychological impact of the quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic on the general European adult population: a systematic review of the evidence

TL;DR: Being female, young, having a low income, being unemployed and having COVID-19-like symptoms or chronic disorders, were found to be the most common risk factors for mental health symptoms.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories.

TL;DR: The factor structure of the combined BDI and BAI items was virtually identical to that reported by Beck for a sample of diagnosed depressed and anxious patients, supporting the view that these clinical states are more severe expressions of the same states that may be discerned in normals.
Journal ArticleDOI

Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China.

TL;DR: The findings identify factors associated with a lower level of psychological impact and better mental health status that can be used to formulate psychological interventions to improve the mental health of vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 epidemic.
Journal ArticleDOI

The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China.

TL;DR: Having relatives or acquaintances infected with COVID-19 was a risk factor for increasing the anxiety of college students and economic effects, and effects on daily life, as well as delays in academic activities, were positively associated with anxiety symptoms.
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Like previous pandemics, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has direct and indirect effects, including in mental health.