Deformation in the lowermost mantle beneath Australia from observations and models of seismic anisotropy

TLDR: In this paper, the authors examined seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle beneath Australia, bounded by the African and Pacific Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces, and applied a forward modeling strategy to understand which anisotropic scenarios are consistent with the observations.

Abstract: Observations of seismic anisotropy near the core-mantle boundary may yield constraints on patterns of lowermost mantle flow. We examine seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle beneath Australia, bounded by the African and Pacific Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces. We combined measurements of differential splitting of SKS-SKKS and S-ScS phases sampling our study region over a range of azimuths, using data from ten long-running seismic stations. Observations reveal complex and laterally heterogeneous anisotropy in the lowermost mantle. We identified two sub-regions for which we have robust measurements of D”-associated splitting for a range of ray propagation directions, and applied a forward modeling strategy to understand which anisotropic scenarios are consistent with the observations. We tested a variety of elastic tensors and orientations, including single-crystal elasticity of lowermost mantle minerals (bridgmanite, post-perovskite, and ferropericlase), tensors based on texture modeling in post-perovskite aggregates, elasticity predicted from deformation experiments on polycrystalline MgO aggregates, and tensors that approximate the shape preferred orientation of partial melt. We find that post-perovskite scenarios are more consistently able to reproduce the observations. Beneath New Zealand, the observations suggest a nearly horizontal [100] axis orientation with an azimuth that agrees well with the horizontal flow direction predicted by previous mantle flow models. Our modeling results further suggest dominant slip on the (010) plane in post-perovskite aggregates provide a good fit to the data but the solution is non-unique. Our results have implications for the mechanisms of deformation and anisotropy in the lowermost mantle and for the patterns of mantle flow.