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Detection of circulant tumor necrosis factor-alpha , soluble tumor necrosis factor p75 and interferon-gamma in Brazilian patients with dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever

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TLDR
The data support the concept that the increased level of TNF-alpha is related to the severity of the disease.
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines are believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of dengue infection. This study reports cytokine levels in a total of 54 patients examined in Recife, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Five out of eight patients who had hemorrhagic manifestations presented tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels in sera which were statistically higher than those recorded for controls. In contrast, only one out of 16 patients with mild manifestations had elevated TNF-alpha levels. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL), IL-1beta tested in 24 samples and IL-12 in 30 samples were not significantly increased. Interferon-g was present in 10 out of 30 patients with dengue. The data support the concept that the increased level of TNF-alpha is related to the severity of the disease. Soluble TNF receptor p75 was found in most patients but it is unlikely to be related to severity since it was found with an equivalent frequency and levels in 15 patients with dengue fever and another 15 with dengue hemorrhagic fever.

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The three human monocyte subsets: implications for health and disease

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Multiplex cytokine profile from dengue patients: MIP-1beta and IFN-gamma as predictive factors for severity

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Immune-mediated cytokine storm and its role in severe dengue

TL;DR: The immunological events elicited during a DENV infection are discussed and candidate cytokines that may play a key role in the severe manifestations of dengue and possible interventions are identified.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

The pathophysiology of tumor necrosis factors.

TL;DR: It appears now that TNF rarely induces in vivo direct cytolysis of natural tumors, that it may not play a significant role in the cachexia most commonly observed in humans, that resulting from cancer, and that the critical role of TNF in shock is shared by other mediators, particularly interleukin 1 (ILl ), its frequent com-
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Tumor necrosis factor soluble receptors circulate during experimental and clinical inflammation and can protect against excessive tumor necrosis factor alpha in vitro and in vivo.

TL;DR: It is reported that two types of naturally occurring soluble TNF receptors circulate in human experimental endotoxemia and in critically ill patients and demonstrate that they neutralize TNF alpha-induced cytotoxicity and immunoreactivity in vitro.
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Antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus growth in human monocytes as a risk factor for dengue hemorrhagic fever.

TL;DR: High serum DEN-2 antibody dependent enhancing activity is a significant (relative risk = 6.2) risk factor for severe illness among children in a dengue hemorrhagic fever endemic region.
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Cytokine regulation of endothelial cell function: from molecular level to the bedside

TL;DR: It is argued that activation of ECs provides a paradigm for the interpretation of the pathogenesis of diverse human diseases.
Journal ArticleDOI

Taming TNF: strategies to restrain this proinflammatory cytokine

TL;DR: Clinical studies using anti-TNF-alpha antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease and agents known to suppress the formation or activity of TNF- alpha are summarized.
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