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Development of Dynamic Equivalents for MicroGrids using System Identification Theory

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TLDR
In this paper, the authors proposed an approach based on system identification theory for developing dynamic equivalents for microgrids, which are able to retain the relevant dynamics with respect to the existing medium voltage (MV) network.
Abstract
Large deployment of microgrids will have a considerable impact on the future operation of the electrical networks and will greatly influence the power system dynamics mainly at the Medium Voltage (MV) level whenever the upstream system has been lost. In dynamic studies the whole power system cannot be represented in a detailed manner because the huge system dimension would require a very large computational effort. Therefore dynamic equivalents for microgrids need to be derived. The proposed approach is based on system identification theory for developing dynamic equivalents for microgrids, which are able to retain the relevant dynamics with respect to the existing MV network.

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      
        
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
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          
$
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# #  # 


   
   !" # $!#%
&'()&*
+''"++'
+'    + *
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+"&'+ 
*    !#  '+
(+
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"-+,./01
 , $,%   !# "-   
* '  (   +'+
*&
(  + ' "&
"' '+"+*$2#% 
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"-2/, 56789$8%
:"++2"(22
"+ + + +(   ; 2(+ '
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@2=!"++2"(2"+
+':2;:'
+  * 2 2 2' $>4
/? '%
  ( 0A1  
 + ,   + # "- +
)'":"+
  + # "- + ,  
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 
  ) +    '' * ,  &
*/'#$#%
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,)&("+&)+#*
+'+ '&  +   "+ + '>
,$,%"++&*"+
+ "- +  >, 2/ 
56789$8%'(+(&+*'
'+((''"+
B''+,
+ '  * *' + ,
  "  + &( , * 
0A C1+&'++D"* 
+ &( +* ( ,  + #
"-'&*'+"++
*  +' &   + ++
("+' 
+&'('+,(&+*'
&   ' + & '
B' * + ' ( "+  
'&(B'
+' '+*(*
,"++#"-(
' ' '  + 
(B'*,B'
* ( B'* +B'  
+ "  0914 $% +( E $%
 + E $%  "-
'E $*%   * D"* 
 " ( +(   
(  (   ,   
+!#"-+'+*
+ (+*('
+&('(
"+*"('
**"+,
*( * "-  + '&
* , B'* * + & 
 '+ B'* *  *( ' +
*(B'*
,'(+(
:@2=! 

A
' ( +B'  (  +( +
&)&(B'*,
  "+ (  ( 
"++&&'+&
 &*   + ( &  
+'&'' +'
+++(
+ ' *  -"  +( +
&' + ( *( ' "+   
''" & -  4<- &)
( &)  0F1 + ) &- &)  
'"-"(''(
&' ( B'*  , 081   + "
(&'"+0F1
+++*&+(-"&'+
,()+''&''
-"+( ""+ +'-"
 +'&+(&)
+   ( -"  +(  
 +  ''   +(
0G1
+B'*+'&"'
,('"+*'&
+ # * '  - # "-   
"      " *'
+'+ ' +' +'(
++'+&,(B'*


,

D
,!#&'("++
'  (   + "+ !#
 :
:  , +'  '    
*
+ ,  (    &( 
,$,%+#H!#
'&  "++  * -( '  +
+++('B'+
  *
&+ '  $%  ! 
$!% +   ++  * 
&+  + ' $%   *4 
(+**"'*
&!+'++
'&(
 ,
2
!
!
>

,

: + ) + ,  )&( +
#*'&++'"+
,'&+(
   "( +  , +'  ,   -
 + &( ' * - '  + '
" (  &(   - 
B'
:",+'( 
,"&-"++#"-
"+ + (+' +  + #
**B'(
 ( B'*(   "+
* " (  ,   * 
  &+ +(   
+ - -'+"
( +'   &' ( B'*  ,
&  +(   +  (  
*  "  +    + ' 
'' ,       
&((+"
 
*    ' '   '& 
"   2# ( +* &  071
D"* +"-():'$:%
+++'&$%'"+
+"  $H*:
 HH *%*"
' " *'
"+ "   $HH * 
("+H*&%
 !"
*&"
4 2I *   # ' *
$#%  061 + 2I * /  +  +
" *&   ' + * " /
  > *' "++  & 
+('(+
,0A13 +(+(&+*'
 ,  *   ( &( + 
' +"+
+#'+&+*'(+'+
**B'(  + ,'
D"*&
 "++#"-+
' B'( 

+ # * " '' 
 &( + B'(  +   
:A

C
:A:B'(
 # '   * '
 ' ' *  * "
:B'(  '' * '  &+
+'+    + +  
"#('&$)
+%&(*&
051
# $#
3 +*+,"
(*+B'(
"&&*'+
 + #  +   ' " ' "
* &( / &&  ' *
"(+,B'(*
+'+    * '  * +*
 (   ( ' +( 
+ + ( B'( +' &  +
*'
%
+#*"'
:+'"(
&"4('2
 + &    ( 
&(+,&+ *'*
"''+(('+'&
&+B'(*01 :
CD"* ++(+(
("
:C!(B'(&
3 +  ,    + ' "
( +(+'++#*
" &&&  '( D"*
"'&+#*-" 
( B'( +  # * "
*++
( B'(  & 
+(B'(+*'+'++
  " * "    + (
(''+,"&'+"+
+ (+' + & * " 
'(
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::
!
J
J
  "+ (  ( 
"++&&'+&
 + &*   + ( <   '&
 '' +   '  + 
++(&0G1
+ '((
)   + & ( 
&(''&''
 /'      +
 ' ( B' &(  
<+("++' 
&'  +  ''  #&' 
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*(    () * + "+ +  +
'& (
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:9+&''+++
(''"&)'+'
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:9<'+'(+(

++&'"+'&
 + ' +" " +   + (
(&+*' "+ ++ "  +
   + + ' + 
&+*+&-
' ( + + +'+ 
+ ++''*
2''(&
  +  +  + &
 * , "++ *  +  
+(''+(
''''(-B''
+*&(B'$% 
( )
=
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+
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A
KE
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θ
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 0F1 +   +B' 
'+ &"  & +B' +
   +B' * '
'+'+*++ "++
   +    +  
& &( +&'+  '+   
&(**+ 
'++*
'*&'

9
+&+
'  + +  &(  **
*'( + $% '  + 
&++B'0F1
2"$2%++&
'  (    "+ 
 2*+(
*&*0A1*'(2
"  $2% & + &  
2  +'+ + ' +  *
*(0C1'
&'
:(   *' "++ +  
'++';+*+
+-++*&'
''+(+*
(&-+'*
+*'
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+  +  , ( B'*
* ) (  +( ( 
+(  +  + '  (
&  + *& +( -"  (
*'(+,(B'*B'
&   ( '   
'+*(,"++#
"-" (,
"    + + -" &'
+ , ( " ' + "+ + 
' &+"
 
:('+"+,"-*
4 +"-"+ '&-
 "+ +  + ( B'*  &
&*  + ) ("+  
 + (    B'  +  
&  &( B'*+'
+)(+,
+"-+,"-
+ +( " + & + , ( "
'+ &" "  ( 
 + *   + ,4 % +  
* "+  #  * (  (
 "+ &% + &  "+  2I *
 ( " (    
+'++
!#  +'+ * "+ 2I   + 
&+'+&
+ '   '& ( B'*  ,
++*#
  
, (  ++  , " ( '
 :F

&



'
"


:F,(B'*
+ , ( B'* "  "+ + 
"- +'+ + (&'(4 + &'( &' 
+"&)&(&+&'(&'*
(B'(*&(*(+/
'+(:F

+ -( '   (  '  +
 ''   +  + +( "+
 ) + , " ( ' + '(
'+(++
* + * "     ' +' +
((&(''
   *  "++   '
.
/
0
/
* +'+ + &- 
:8
1
A
A
+
2
+
2
:8''+,(B'*
+ ''  "+ *' +* &
'+'+
+* 
[
]
221
AA
=
θ
$9%
+ *&
3

 : 8  + * " 
&(+,+#+
+ ' " +( 091 " '  
"+''
44!
+**&($9% 2
 ) + "+ + ' B'  
B'$A%+'+
*'   '& ( ' 
+   &" 2  + (
'   B' 2  + 
*+('+
 '  2 * +  
'*':G
-  ' + '  + + 
*    + *  "++  " &
'  *     &  +


F
Σ
:G2+
#
J
!
2
!:
 '  " * '
./
0/
*'>+(
*' +   '( + , (
B'* + '  " ' +
,    "   
  +  + , (
B'*+'+++:G
(  *   (  : 
,+!#"-+'+
+ *   "      
&     " +'
+#*'(+'+
8+  +"+'*'
$(%*>'&
5$
  0F1 "  ! 
      
B'*  *( +  "-
'&+#!# &(+
)&'
5$

#
!
!

+  +   &'  (
B'*+,+(
:7 "++,+,(
"'(+'$F55-#%
+#"-+"+#!#
 #H!# &'  ; +
, + , " C5-3   C5-3
:  +   * $("+% + '(
("+,'+:7
+    &  +  (
 :" + ,   +
'" (   " 
+ # "- "   ' 
B''&'7
$!%   +  + '   ' * 95
$+  '     LA 
LA5% "++'+(
   ' + *&   * F
"+*5
>8
+,
&&
'%
(
:7(>4$%(E$&%'
(
<!
,
2,

<
:
!,
!$M#% ,'$-3 E-#%
#"- F55N/55 4AF5EA4A55
, F5N/5 LALFN/A
:LFN/AE#L/F
  +    +
+( & &* +  + ,
(B'*&+,&+*'"
+,  '" "*'
: +''+*&'
+&'"++&"++
, + (+,
(B'**" 
&+*'''",
&&&A
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2,<:!,
!$M#% ,'$-3 E-#%
#"- F55N/55 4A55EA4A55
, F5N/5 L5N/AE#L/F
AL:LFN/A
 + "   + "
B'*"'4%#"-
LFE A%   " '   LA5E C%
 + '*'(
L95    &" +  & 
'(:6>
:  +"   &" + * "
/&(+, "(B'*+
:"+,
   B'( *   & +"
: 5 +' + # / * "  
++,*''
 + +  "+ (  B'( 
 + "+ + (+' + 
B'('+
(&&*:6 *(

Citations
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Proceedings ArticleDOI

Identification of Dynamic Equivalents for Active Distribution Networks

TL;DR: This paper presents a new approach for determining the dynamic equivalents of active distribution networks (ADN) for power system stability studies by approximating the ADN by a composite model consisting of blocks with nonlinear static functions and linear time invariant systems.
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MG Penetrated Power Grid Modeling

TL;DR: The chapter presents a systematic methodology for modeling distributed MGs for integration studies that can be used to investigate the integration of high penetrations of distributed energy resources/MGs energy into the system.
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A data‐driven inertia adequacy‐based approach for sustainable expansion planning in distributed generations‐penetrated power grids

TL;DR: In this paper , an attempt is made to tackle inertia adequacy in the generation expansion planning (GEP) problem, where the authors propose an iterative-based algorithm is proposed to expand the system with minimum cost and with the highest permissible penetration level of DGs.
Proceedings ArticleDOI

An aggregated linearised model of a grid-tied microgrid for stability studies

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a method for representing grid-tied micro-grids as simplified models in power system simulations and applied modal analysis as a tool for model aggregating.
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Method to Build Equivalent Models of Microgrids for RMS Dynamic Simulation of Power Systems.

TL;DR: In this article, a trajectory sensitivity analysis is carried out to select the most important parameters of an ADN model, which are then estimated by an evolutionary algorithm, which can improve the quality of the parameter estimation process (since it focuses only on relevant parameters).
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Instantaneous Reactive Power Compensators Comprising Switching Devices without Energy Storage Components

TL;DR: In this paper, a new instantaneous reactive power compensator comprising switching devices is proposed, which requires practically no energy storage components, and is based on the instantaneous value concept for arbitrary voltage and current waveforms.
Journal ArticleDOI

Nonlinear black-box modeling in system identification: a unified overview

TL;DR: What are the common features in the different approaches, the choices that have to be made and what considerations are relevant for a successful system-identification application of these techniques are described, from a user's perspective.
Proceedings ArticleDOI

Control techniques of Dispersed Generators to improve the continuity of electricity supply

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a control technique for distributed generation (DG) plants that use feedback of only locally measurable variables, which allows correct system operation and switching between parallel and isolated modes without needing online communication of control signals between the generators.
Journal ArticleDOI

Using Low Voltage MicroGrids for Service Restoration

TL;DR: In this article, a sequence of actions and conditions to be checked during service restoration in the low voltage area are identified and tested through numerical simulation, and the need of storage devices is addressed in order to ensure system stability, achieve robustness of operation, and not jeopardize power quality.
Proceedings ArticleDOI

EPSO - best-of-two-worlds meta-heuristic applied to power system problems

TL;DR: A new meta-heuristic (EPSO) built putting together the best features of evolution strategies (ES) and particle swarm optimization (PSO), including an application in opto-electronics and another in power systems is presented.
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