![Fig. 3. A statistical parametric map (SPM) rendered into standard stereotactic space and superimposed on to transverse coronal sections of a magnetic resonance image (MRI) which is itself in standard space. (a) A task by reasoning type interaction analysis revealed that deductive reasoning [(deductive reasoning 2 deductive baseline) 2 (inductive reasoning 2 inductive baseline)], masked inclusively by the main effect of reasoning, activated left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 44) (254, 12, 12; Z ¼ 3:58). (b) Condition specific parameter (beta) estimates show that inferior prefrontal cortex is more functionally activated during deductive reasoning trials than during inductive reasoning trials. (c) The reverse interaction [(inductive reasoning 2 inductive baseline) 2 (deductive reasoning 2 deductive baseline)], masked inclusively by the main effect of reasoning, revealed enhanced activity in left middle frontal gyrus (BA 9) (236, 21, 30; Z ¼ 3:08) during induction. (d) Condition specific parameter (beta) estimates show that dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is more functionally activated during inductive reasoning trials than during deductive reasoning trials.](/figures/fig-3-a-statistical-parametric-map-spm-rendered-into-3ifrlaes.webp)
Q2. What is the reason why the brain is characterized by increased activity in the dorso?
Consistent with its greater requirements for syntactic processing and working memory, deduction is characterized by increased activation in Broca’s Area while induction involves greater activation in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, consistent with its need to access and evaluate world knowledge.
Q3. How long did the subjects have to respond to the first sentence?
The length of trials varied from 10.25 to 14.35 s, leaving subjects 3.75–7.85 s (after the presentation of the third sentence) to respond.
Q4. What is the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in deductive reasoning?
Broca’s Area is part of the phonological loop of working memory, and deductive reasoning has greater working memory requirements than inductive reasoning (Gilhooly, Logie, Wetherick, & Wynn, 1993).
Q5. How many syllogisms were used in the study?
Fifty syllogisms (25 valid, 25 invalid), encompassing 24 different forms,1 fifty inductive arguments (25 plausible and 25 implausible as judged by a pilot subject), and 40 baseline trials were organized into a 2 £ 2 factorial design (Fig. 1a).
Q6. How many sentences appeared on the screen?
The sentences appeared on the screen one at a time with the first sentence appearing at 500 ms, the second at 3500 ms, and the last sentence at 6500 ms.
Q7. What is the reason why some humans can get osteoporosis?
No humans can get osteoporosis; Some humans are men; [ Some men cannot get osteoporosis; and Induction: Osteoporosis is estrogen-related; Osteoporosis is common in women; [ Men can also get osteoporosis).
Q8. How long did it take to respond to the deductive arguments?
Subjects took a mean of 3383 ms (SD 726) (after presentation of third sentence at 6500 ms) to respond to the deductive arguments, significantly more than the 2552 ms (SD 605) required to respond to the inductive arguments.
Q9. What is the meaning of the term "Plausibility"?
while validity can be reduced to a function of the logical structure of sentences and arguments, plausibility is a function of sentence content and their knowledge of the world.
Q10. How long did the subjects have to respond to the stimulus?
Subjects were instructed to respond as quickly as possible and move to the next trial if the stimuli advanced before they could respond.
Q11. What was the mean correct score for deductive reasoning trials?
Subjects had a mean correct score of 66.0% (SD 8.6) for deductive reasoning trials, significantly greater than chance (t ¼ 7:45; p , 0:001).
Q12. What is the effect of the induction task?
The fact that this patient performed an induction (more specifically ToM induction) task, is consistent with their finding that induction involves more dorsolateral aspects of the left prefrontal cortex, and medial prefrontal cortex.
Q13. What was the spatial realignment of the T1 volume to the AC–PC slice?
All volumes were spatially realigned to the first volume (head movement was ,2 mm in all cases) and temporally realigned to the AC–PC slice, to account for different sampling times of different slices.
Q14. What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in the two types of reasoning?
The authors were interested in the functional anatomy of inductive and deductive reasoning, and in particular, the role of the prefrontal cortex in the two types of reasoning.