Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of post-printing heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a wire arc additive manufactured 420 martensitic stainless steel part
TLDR
In this paper, microstructural features and mechanical properties of a wire arc additively manufactured 420 martensitic stainless steel were investigated in as-printed and heat-treated conditions.Abstract:
In this study, microstructural features and mechanical properties of a wire arc additively manufactured 420 martensitic stainless steel were investigated in as-printed and heat-treated conditions. Initial microstructural investigations on the as-printed part revealed the formation of residual δ-ferrite during the solidification process, which is known as a deleterious phase to both mechanical and corrosion performance of stainless steels. To remove the residual δ-ferrite and obtain a fully martensitic microstructure, the as-printed samples were subjected to different austenitizing temperatures of 950, 1050, 1150, and 1300 °C. Austenitizing at 1150 °C was selected as the optimum cycle due to removal of undesirable phases, such as δ-ferrite and carbides, resulting in a fully martensitic microstructure. Following the austenitizing heat treatment, the samples were tempered at different temperatures including 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 °C. Increasing the tempering temperature was found to vary the size, morphology, and distribution of chromium carbides precipitated during the tempering process. Although, tempering at lower temperatures (200 and 300 °C) decreased the hardness due to the formation of tempered martensite and stress relieving of the structure, the intermediate temperature of 400 °C increased the hardness value by virtue of the formation of carbides at optimum size and distribution. However, tempering at 500 and 600 °C decreased the hardness as compared to 400 °C due to intergranular segregation and coarsening of carbides. The results of uniaxial tensile testing were consistent with the hardness measurements and confirmed that the tempering temperature of 400 °C led to the optimal combination of strength and ductility ascribed to the formation of fine and homogenously distributed chromium carbides embedded in a moderately tempered martensitic matrix.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
The Current State of Research of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM): A Review
Kai Treutler,Volker Wesling +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the state of the art in the area of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) can be found, focusing on materials (e.g., steels, aluminum, copper and titanium), processes and methods of WAAM, process surveillance and the path planning and modeling of WAM.
Journal ArticleDOI
Microstructure and mechanical behavior of PH 13–8Mo martensitic stainless steel fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing
TL;DR: In this paper, a wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) was applied to fabricate precipitation hardened (PH) 13-8Mo martensitic stainless steel parts for applications in injection molding equipment, aerospace components, and marine.
Journal ArticleDOI
On microstructure, crystallographic orientation, and corrosion properties of wire arc additive manufactured 420 martensitic stainless steel: Effect of the inter-layer temperature
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of inter-layer temperature variation on the microstructure, crystallographic orientation, and corrosion performance of a multilayer single-pass wall-shaped 420 stainless steel part fabricated using wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) were investigated.
Journal ArticleDOI
Microstructure and mechanical behavior of PH 13–8Mo martensitic stainless steel fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing
TL;DR: In this paper , a wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) was applied to fabricate precipitation hardened (PH) 13-8Mo martensitic stainless steel parts for applications in injection molding equipment, aerospace components, and marine.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of Secondary-Phase Formation on the Electrochemical Performance of a Wire Arc Additive Manufactured 420 Martensitic Stainless Steel under Different Heat Treatment Conditions.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of annealing, quenching, and tempering (Q&T) heat treatments on the microstructure, crystallographic orientation, and electrochemical performance of a wall shaped 420 martensitic stainless steel part fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing technology were investigated.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Additive manufacturing of metallic components – Process, structure and properties
Tarasankar Debroy,Huiliang Wei,J.S. Zuback,T. Mukherjee,John W. Elmer,John O. Milewski,Allison M. Beese,Alexander E. Wilson-Heid,Amitava De,Wei Zhang +9 more
TL;DR: A review of the emerging research on additive manufacturing of metallic materials is provided in this article, which provides a comprehensive overview of the physical processes and the underlying science of metallurgical structure and properties of the deposited parts.
Journal ArticleDOI
Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review
TL;DR: The state-of-the-art of additive manufacturing (AM) can be classified into three categories: direct digital manufacturing, free-form fabrication, or 3D printing as discussed by the authors.
Book
Welding Metallurgy and Weldability of Stainless Steels
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce phase diagrams and constitution diagrams for welding of stainless steel welds, as well as a Weldability Testing Appendix 1: Nominal Compositions of Stainless Steels Appendix 2: Etching Techniques for Stainless Steel Welds Author Index Subject Index
Journal ArticleDOI
Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing
Stewart W. Williams,Filomeno Martina,Adrian C. Addison,Jialuo Ding,Goncalo Pardal,Paul A. Colegrove +5 more
TL;DR: In this article, the benefits of non-destructive testing, online monitoring and in situ machining are discussed, and strategies on how to manage residual stress, improve mechanical properties and eliminate defects such as porosity are suggested.
Journal ArticleDOI
Crystallographic features of lath martensite in low-carbon steel
TL;DR: In this article, electron backscattering diffraction with field-emission scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze crystallographically the lath martensite structure in a 0.20% carbon steel.
Related Papers (5)
Effect of Tempering Temperature on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of 5% Cr Steel via Electro‐Slag Casting
The Effects of Quenching and Tempering Treatment on the Hardness and Microstructures of a Cold Work Steel
László Tóth,Réka Fábián +1 more