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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

Glutathione: new roles in redox signaling for an old antioxidant

TLDR
This review will be focused on the role of GSH in cell signaling by analysing the more recent advancements about its capability to modulate nitroxidative stress, autophagy, and viral infection.
Abstract
The physiological roles played by the tripeptide glutathione have greatly advanced over the past decades superimposing the research on free radicals, oxidative stress and, more recently, redox signaling. In particular, GSH is involved in nutrient metabolism, antioxidant defense, and regulation of cellular metabolic functions ranging from gene expression, DNA and protein synthesis to signal transduction, cell proliferation and apoptosis. This review will be focused on the role of GSH in cell signaling by analysing the more recent advancements about its capability to modulate nitroxidative stress, autophagy, and viral infection.

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Journal ArticleDOI

Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress: A Mutual Interplay in Age-Related Diseases

TL;DR: A better understanding of the role of antioxidants involved in redox modulation of inflammation would provide a useful approach for potential interventions, and subsequently promoting healthy longevity.
Journal ArticleDOI

The role of glutathione reductase and related enzymes on cellular redox homoeostasis network.

TL;DR: The role of glutathione reductase in the regulation, modulation and maintenance of cellular redox homoeostasis, and therapeutic targets to overcome oxidative stress associated cellular disorders are evaluated.
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NAD(H) and NADP(H) Redox Couples and Cellular Energy Metabolism

TL;DR: A better understanding of the cellular functions of NAD (H) and NADP(H) may facilitate efforts to address a host of pathological disorders effectively and suggest the utility of using pharmacological interventions or nutrient-based bioactive NAD+ precursors as therapeutic interventions for metabolic diseases.
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Targeting ferroptosis as a vulnerability in cancer

TL;DR: The current understanding of ferroptosis-inducing and ferroPTosis defence mechanisms is summarized, the roles and mechanisms of ferraptosis in tumour suppression and tumour immunity are dissected, and therapeutic strategies for targeting ferroaptosis in cancer are explored.
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Antioxidant Defence Systems and Oxidative Stress in Poultry Biology: An Update

TL;DR: This new direction in improving antioxidant defences for poultry in stress conditions is related to an opportunity to activate a range of vitagenes via Nrf2-related mechanisms to maximise internal AO protection and redox balance maintenance.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Redox environment of the cell as viewed through the redox state of the glutathione disulfide/glutathione couple.

TL;DR: Estimates can be used to more fully understand the redox biochemistry that results from oxidative stress, which hopefully will provide a rationale and understanding of the cellular mechanisms associated with cell growth and development, signaling, and reductive or oxidative stress.
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Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis

TL;DR: A model in which Bcl-2 regulates an antioxidant pathway at sites of free radical generation is proposed in which it protected cells from H2O2- and menadione-induced oxidative deaths and suppressed lipid peroxidation completely.
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Nitric oxide synthases in mammals.

TL;DR: This review will describe the known biochemical mechanisms involved in the synthesis of NO from L-arginine by the NO synthases and will also describe the nature of these enzymes, their inhibition and their molecular characteristics.
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Control of apoptosis by the BCL-2 protein family: implications for physiology and therapy

TL;DR: The biochemical, structural and genetic studies that have clarified how the interplay between members of the BCL-2 family on mitochondria sets the apoptotic threshold are discussed, illuminating the physiological control of apoptosis, the pathological consequences of its dysregulation and the promising search for novel cancer therapies that target the BCA2 protein family.
Journal ArticleDOI

Reactive oxygen species are essential for autophagy and specifically regulate the activity of Atg4

TL;DR: The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as signaling molecules in starvation‐induced autophagy is described and a cysteine residue located near the HsAtg4 catalytic site is specified as a critical for this regulation.
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