Immune Function and Micronutrient Requirements Change over the Life Course
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TLDR
This review looks at immune considerations specific to each life stage, the consequent risk of infection, micronutrient requirements and deficiencies exhibited over the life course, and the available evidence regarding the effects of micronsutrient supplementation on immune function and infection.Abstract:
As humans age, the risk and severity of infections vary in line with immune competence according to how the immune system develops, matures, and declines. Several factors influence the immune system and its competence, including nutrition. A bidirectional relationship among nutrition, infection and immunity exists: changes in one component affect the others. For example, distinct immune features present during each life stage may affect the type, prevalence, and severity of infections, while poor nutrition can compromise immune function and increase infection risk. Various micronutrients are essential for immunocompetence, particularly vitamins A, C, D, E, B2, B6, and B12, folic acid, iron, selenium, and zinc. Micronutrient deficiencies are a recognized global public health issue, and poor nutritional status predisposes to certain infections. Immune function may be improved by restoring deficient micronutrients to recommended levels, thereby increasing resistance to infection and supporting faster recovery when infected. Diet alone may be insufficient and tailored micronutrient supplementation based on specific age-related needs necessary. This review looks at immune considerations specific to each life stage, the consequent risk of infection, micronutrient requirements and deficiencies exhibited over the life course, and the available evidence regarding the effects of micronutrient supplementation on immune function and infection.read more
Citations
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TL;DR: In this review, the scientific evidence on the risk factors of severity of COVID‐19 are highlighted and socioeconomic status, diet, lifestyle, geographical differences, ethnicity, exposed viral load, day of initiation of treatment, and quality of health care have been reported to influence individual outcomes.
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A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System–Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection
TL;DR: Although contradictory data exist, available evidence indicates that supplementation with multiple micronutrients with immune-supporting roles may modulate immune function and reduce the risk of infection.
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Optimal Nutritional Status for a Well-Functioning Immune System Is an Important Factor to Protect against Viral Infections.
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of nutrition plays in supporting the immune system is well-established, and a wealth of mechanistic and clinical data show that vitamins, including vitamins A, B6, B12, C, D, E, and folate, trace elements, including zinc, iron, selenium, magnesium, and copper, play important and complementary roles in supporting immune system.
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Strengthening the Immune System and Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress through Diet and Nutrition: Considerations during the COVID-19 Crisis.
Mohammed Iddir,Alex Brito,Giulia Dingeo,Sofia Sosa Fernandez Del Campo,Hanen Samouda,Michael R. La Frano,Torsten Bohn +6 more
TL;DR: The importance of an optimal status of relevant nutrients to effectively reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby strengthening the immune system during the COVID-19 crisis is highlighted.
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Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention.
Anna Aiello,Farzin Farzaneh,Giuseppina Candore,Calogero Caruso,Sergio Davinelli,Caterina Maria Gambino,Mattia Emanuela Ligotti,Nahid Zareian,Giulia Accardi +8 more
TL;DR: The role of nutrition and of immunomodulation in immunosenescence is discussed, due to the multifactorial influence on these hallmarks, and the inclusion of appropriate combinations of toll-like receptor agonists may enhance the efficacy of vaccination in older adults.
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