In vivo effector function of influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones is highly specific.
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The results directly implicate CTL as an important antiviral defense mechanism in experimental influenza infection and indicate that both the induction and expression of antiviral effector activity by CTL in vivo is highly specific and therefore favor the concept that CTL express their antiviralEffect in vivo by direct cytolysis of infected cells.Abstract:
Cloned lines of murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) directed to type A influenza virus confer complete protection upon adoptive transfer to syngeneic mice lethally infected by influenza virus. The exquisite specificity exhibited by a subtype-specific cloned CTL in culture is reflected in its capacity to eliminate pulmonary virus and mediate recovery only in those mice infected by the virus subtype recognized by this cloned line in vitro. A cross-reactive CTL cloned line protects mice infected by either of two influenza virus subtypes. In mice dually infected with two virus subtypes, the subtype-specific CTL clone only reduces lung virus levels of the recognized virus subtype and cannot prevent these mice from dying. In contrast, adoptive transfer of the cross-reactive CTL clone into mice simultaneously infected with two virus subtypes results in reduction of pulmonary titers of both subtypes and promotes complete recovery. These results directly implicate CTL as an important antiviral defense mechanism in experimental influenza infection. In addition, these results indicate that both the induction and expression of antiviral effector activity by CTL in vivo is highly specific and therefore favor the concept that CTL express their antiviral effect in vivo by direct cytolysis of infected cells.read more
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Temporal association of cellular immune responses with the initial control of viremia in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 syndrome.
Richard A. Koup,Jeffrey T. Safrit,Yunzhen Cao,C. A. Andrews,G. Mcleod,William Borkowsky,C. Farthing,David D. Ho +7 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that cellular immunity is involved in the initial control of virus replication in primary HIV-1 infection and a role for CTL in protective immunity to HIV- 1 in vivo is indicated.
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Restoration of viral immunity in immunodeficient humans by the adoptive transfer of T cell clones.
Stanley R. Riddell,Kathe S. Watanabe,James M. Goodrich,Cheng R. Li,Mounzer E. Agha,Philip D. Greenberg,Philip D. Greenberg +6 more
TL;DR: Cytomegalovirus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cell (CTL) clones could be isolated from bone marrow donors, propagated in vitro, and adoptively transferred to immunodeficient bone marrow transplant recipients and no toxicity developed and the clones provided persistent reconstitution of CD8+.
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CD4+ T cells are required to sustain CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell responses during chronic viral infection.
TL;DR: It is shown that CD4+ T cells are dispensable for short-term acute infection in which CD8+ CTL activity does not need to be sustained for more than 2 weeks, but under conditions of chronic infection, in which it takes several months or longer to clear the infection, CD4-cell function is critical.
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Noncytolytic control of viral infections by the innate and adaptive immune response.
TL;DR: The contribution of noncytolytic mechanisms to the control of viral infections with a particular emphasis on the role of cytokines is described, by modulating the induction, amplification, recruitment, and effector functions of the immune response.
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Inhibition of antigen processing by the internal repeat region of the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1
Jelena Levitskaya,Michael Coram,Victor Levitsky,Stefan Imreh,Patty M. Steigerwald-Mullen,George Klein,Michael G. Kurilla,Maria G. Masucci +7 more
TL;DR: The results highlight a previously unknown mechanism of viral escape from CTL surveillance, and support the view that the resistance of cells expressing EBNA1 to rejection mediated by CTL is a critical requirement for EBV persistence and pathogenesis.
References
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Transfer of specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes protects mice inoculated with influenza virus
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