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Informal Sector in Developed and less Developed Countries: A Literature Survey
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The authors provide a general overview of contributions to the literature on the informal sector, with a special focus on the PublicChoice approach, and compare these contributions across two institutionallydifferent types of countries: developed and less developed (developing and transition)countries.Abstract:
The main goal of this study is two-fold: (1) to provide a general overview of thecontributions to the literature on the informal sector, with a special focus on the PublicChoice approach; and (2) to compare these contributions across two institutionallydifferent types of countries: developed and less developed (developing and transition)countries. The paper focuses on the criteria used to define the informal sector, therelationship between the formal and informal economy, tax evasion, and PublicChoice analysis. It is stressed throughout this paper that the distinction between thetwo types of countries is of key importance.read more
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Global Forecasts of Urban Expansion to 2030 and Direct Impacts on Biodiversity and Carbon Pools
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors develop spatially explicit probabilistic forecasts of global urban land-cover change and explore the direct impacts on biodiversity hotspots and tropical carbon biomass, showing that urban land cover change threatens biodiversity and affects ecosystem productivity through loss of habitat, biomass, and carbon storage.
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A Meta-Analysis of Global Urban Land Expansion
TL;DR: A meta-analysis of 326 studies that have used remotely sensed images to map urban land conversion suggests that contemporary urban expansion is related to a variety of factors difficult to observe comprehensively at the global level, including international capital flows, the informal economy, land use policy, and generalized transport costs.
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Shadow economies around the world: what do we really know?
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present estimates of the shadow economy for 110 countries, including developing, transition and developed OECD economies, and the average size of shadow economy as a proportion of official GDP in 1999-2000 in developing countries was 41%, in transition countries 38, and in OECD countries 17%.
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Shadow economies all over the world : new estimates for 162 countries from 1999 to 2007
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented estimations of the shadow economies for 162 countries, including developing, Eastern European, Central Asian, and high-income countries over the period 1999 to 2006/2007.
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Corruption and the Shadow Economy: An Empirical Analysis
Axel Dreher,Friedrich Schneider +1 more
TL;DR: The authors analyzes the influence of the shadow economy on corruption and vice versa, and finds that corruption and shadow economy are substitutes in high income countries while they are complements in low income countries.
References
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Book
An Economic Theory of Democracy
TL;DR: Downs presents a rational calculus of voting that has inspired much of the later work on voting and turnout as discussed by the authors, particularly significant was his conclusion that a rational voter should almost never bother to vote.
Book
Bureaucracy and representative government
TL;DR: Niskanen as mentioned in this paper developed a formal theory of supply by bureaus and developed a simple theory of the market for public services financed through a representative government; the final section suggests a set of changes to improve the performance of our bureaucratic and political institutions, based both on theory and professional experience.
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Income tax evasion: a theoretical analysis
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of the individual taxpayer's decision on whether and to what extent to avoid taxes by deliberate underreporting is presented, based on a simple static model where this decision is the only one with which the individual is concerned, so that we ignore the interrelationships that probably exist with other types of economic choices.
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Shadow Economies: Size, Causes, and Consequences
TL;DR: In this paper, the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition, and OECD countries is estimated using various methods, and the average size varies from 12 percent of GDP for OECD countries, to 23 percent for transition countries and 39 percent for developing countries.