Journal ArticleDOI
Köppen's climate classification map for Brazil
Clayton Alcarde Alvares,José Luiz Stape,Paulo Cesar Sentelhas,José Leonardo de Moraes Gonçalves,Gerd Sparovek +4 more
TLDR
In this article, the authors developed a geographical information system to identify Koppen's climate types based on monthly temperature and rainfall data from 2,950 weather stations in Brazil, and the results are presented as maps, graphs, diagrams and tables, allowing users to interpret the occurrence of climate types in Brazil.Abstract:
Koppen's climate classification remains the most widely used system by geographical and climatological societies across the world, with well recognized simple rules and climate symbol letters. In Brazil, climatology has been studied for more than 140 years, and among the many proposed methods Koppen 0 s system remains as the most utilized. Considering Koppen's climate classification importance for Brazil (geography, biology, ecology, meteorology, hydrology, agronomy, forestry and environmental sciences), we developed a geographical information system to identify Koppen's climate types based on monthly temperature and rainfall data from 2,950 weather stations. Temperature maps were spatially described using multivariate equations that took into account the geographical coordinates and altitude; and the map resolution (100 m) was similar to the digital elevation model derived from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. Patterns of rainfall were interpolated using kriging, with the same resolution of temperature maps. The final climate map obtained for Brazil (851,487,700 ha) has a high spatial resolution (1 ha) which allows to observe the climatic variations at the landscape level. The results are presented as maps, graphs, diagrams and tables, allowing users to interpret the occurrence of climate types in Brazil. The zones and climate types are referenced to the most important mountains, plateaus and depressions, geographical landmarks, rivers and watersheds and major cities across the country making the information accessible to all levels of users. The climate map not only showed that the A, B and C zones represent approximately 81%, 5% and 14% of the country but also allowed the identification of Koppen's climates types never reported before in Brazil.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
The climate of the European Alps: Shift of very high resolution Köppen-Geiger climate zones 1800–2100
TL;DR: In this article, a time series of very high resolution (30 arc-seconds) maps of the well-known Köppen-Geiger climate classification is presented, covering the European Alps.
Journal ArticleDOI
Temperature significantly changes COVID-19 transmission in (sub)tropical cities of Brazil.
TL;DR: Temperature had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the curve flattened at a threshold of 25.8 °C, and there is no evidence supporting that the curve declined for temperatures above 25.4 C.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Evaporative Stress Index as an indicator of agricultural drought in Brazil: An assessment based on crop yield impacts
Martha C. Anderson,Cornélio Alberto Zolin,Paulo Cesar Sentelhas,Christopher Hain,K. A. Semmens,M. Tugrul Yilmaz,Feng Gao,Jason A. Otkin,Robert Tetrault +8 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors study correlations for the period 2003-2013 between yield estimates for major crops grown in Brazil and the Evaporative Stress Index (ESI) -an indicator of agricultural drought that describes anomalies in the actual/reference evapotranspiration (ET) ratio, retrieved using remotely sensed inputs of land surface temperature (LST) and leaf area index (LAI).
Journal ArticleDOI
Evidence that high temperatures and intermediate relative humidity might favor the spread of COVID-19 in tropical climate: A case study for the most affected Brazilian cities.
TL;DR: Higher mean temperatures and average relative humidity favored the COVID-19 transmission, differently from reports from coldest countries or periods of time under cool temperatures, and prevention and protection measures should be adopted in cities aiming to reduce transmission and the possible collapse of the health system.
Journal ArticleDOI
Modelling and mapping soil organic carbon stocks in Brazil
Lucas Carvalho Gomes,Lucas Carvalho Gomes,Raiza Moniz Faria,Eliana de Souza,Gustavo Vieira Veloso,Carlos Ernesto Gonçalves Reynaud Schaefer,Elpídio Inácio Fernandes Filho +6 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors applied a methodological framework to optimize the prediction of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks for the entire Brazilian territory and determine how the environmental heterogeneity of Brazil influences the SOC stocks distribution.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas.
Robert J. Hijmans,Susan E. Cameron,Susan E. Cameron,Juan L. Parra,Peter G. Jones,Andy Jarvis +5 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas (excluding Antarctica) at a spatial resolution of 30 arc s (often referred to as 1-km spatial resolution).
Journal ArticleDOI
An Analysis of Variance Test for Normality (Complete Samples)
S. S. Shapiro,M. B. Wilk +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, a new statistical procedure for testing a complete sample for normality is introduced, which is obtained by dividing the square of an appropriate linear combination of the sample order statistics by the usual symmetric estimate of variance.
Journal ArticleDOI
Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification
TL;DR: In this paper, a new global map of climate using the Koppen-Geiger system based on a large global data set of long-term monthly precipitation and temperature station time series is presented.
Book
Principles of geographical information systems
TL;DR: This paper aims to provide a history of fuzzy logic in information handling and geostatistics and some of the techniques used to deal with fuzzy logic problems.