Journal ArticleDOI
Leishmania infantum: illness, transmission profile and risk factors for asymptomatic infection in an endemic metropolis in Brazil.
Letícia Helena dos Santos Marques,Iara Caixeta Marques da Rocha,Ilka Afonso Reis,Gisele Macedo Rodrigues da Cunha,Edward Oliveira,Thais Ribeiro Pfeilsticker,Valdelaine Etelvina Miranda de Araújo,Maria Helena Franco Morais,Ana Rabello,Mariângela Carneiro +9 more
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TLDR
It is concluded that infection by L. infantum affects a significant proportion of the infant population regardless of the RR of disease.Abstract:
To evaluate the distribution of asymptomatic infection by Leishmania infantum in a metropolis in Brazil with different relative risks (RRs) for disease and risk factors associated with the infection, an ecological study was conducted using a Bayesian approach to estimate the RR of human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) based on cases between 2008 and 2011. The areas were categorized and selected according to disease incidence: low (area-1), medium (area-2) and high (area-3). Cross-sectional study enrolling 935 children was used to estimate the prevalence of infection by L. infantum. Volunteers from these three areas were tested for L. infantum infection by ELISA (rK39 and soluble antigens). Infection prevalence rates were estimated and compared with the RR of disease. Multilevel logistic regression model evaluated the relationship between infection and the analysed variables. The RR of HVL was distributed heterogeneously in the municipality. The infection prevalence rates were: 34·9% in area-1; 29·3% in area-2; and 33·6% in area-3, with no significant differences between these areas. The variables ‘Presence of backyards in the neighbourhood’ and ‘Younger children’ were associated with L. infantum infection. We conclude that infection by L. infantum affects a significant proportion of the infant population regardless of the RR of disease.read more
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Changing demographics of visceral leishmaniasis in northeast Brazil: Lessons for the future
Iraci D. Lima,Ádila L. Morais Lima,Carolina de O. Mendes-Aguiar,José F. V. Coutinho,Mary E. Wilson,Richard D. Pearson,José W. Queiroz,Selma M. B. Jeronimo +7 more
TL;DR: The demographics of VL in northeastern Brazil have changed, and disease incidence has decreased in children and increased in adults, while VL-AIDS increased, especially between 2010–2014.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sex-Related Differences in Immune Response and Symptomatic Manifestations to Infection with Leishmania Species.
TL;DR: The distribution, morbidity, and mortality among male and female leishmaniasis patients are reviewed and experimental findings and new avenues of research concerning sex-specific responses in cutaneous and visceral leish maniasis are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
American cutaneous leishmaniasis in infancy and childhood
Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi,Carolina Talhari,María F. García Bustos,Tamara Rosales,Wilmer E. Villamil-Gómez,Marilianna Marquez,Alexandra M. Pérez Alvarez,Alejandra I. Tálamo Sánchez,Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales +8 more
TL;DR: The present review pretends to make a concrete approach all through the broad and main figures of this parasitic disease, including the clinical, physiopathological, epidemiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects, in order to be used as a practical source of reference for pediatricians leading with tropical cutaneous pathology in the region.
Journal ArticleDOI
Recent advances and new strategies in Leishmaniasis diagnosis.
Rory Cristiane Fortes de Brito,Rodrigo Dian de Oliveira Aguiar-Soares,Jamille Mirelle de Oliveira Cardoso,Wendel Coura-Vital,Bruno Mendes Roatt,Alexandre Barbosa Reis +5 more
TL;DR: The aim of this review is to summarize the conventional diagnostic tools and point out the new advances and strategies on visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Current and promising novel drug candidates against visceral leishmaniasis
Rosa M. Reguera,Yolanda Pérez-Pertejo,Camino Gutiérrez-Corbo,Bárbara Domínguez-Asenjo,C. Ordóñez,Carlos García-Estrada,María Martínez-Valladares,Rafael Balaña-Fouce +7 more
TL;DR: This review highlights the current drugs and combinations that are used medical practice and recent advances in new treatments against leishmaniasis that were pointed out in the recent 2nd Conference, Global Challenges in Neglected Tropical Diseases, emphasizing the plethora of new families of molecules that are bridging the gap between preclinical and first-in-man trials in next future.
References
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Book
Multilevel Statistical Models
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a general classification notation for multilevel models and a discussion of the general structure and maximum likelihood estimation for a multi-level model, as well as the adequacy of Ordinary Least Squares estimates.
Journal ArticleDOI
Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global Estimates of Its Incidence
Jorge Alvar,Iván D. Vélez,Iván D. Vélez,Caryn Bern,Mercè Herrero,Philippe Desjeux,Jorge Cano,Jean Jannin,Margriet den Boer +8 more
TL;DR: Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence ranges were estimated by country and epidemiological region based on reported incidence, underreporting rates if available, and the judgment of national and international experts.
Journal ArticleDOI
Bayesian image restoration, with two applications in spatial statistics
TL;DR: There has been much recent interest in Bayesian image analysis, including such topics as removal of blur and noise, detection of object boundaries, classification of textures, and reconstruction of two- or three-dimensional scenes from noisy lower-dimensional views as mentioned in this paper.
Journal Article
Rejoinder (Bayesian image restoration,with two applications in spatial statistics)
TL;DR: The present paper argues that many problems in the analysis of spatial data can be interpreted as problems of image restoration, since the amounts of data involved allow routine use of computer intensive methods, such as the Gibbs sampler, that are not yet practicable for conventional images.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Prospective Study of Visceral Leishmaniasis in an Endemic Area of Brazil
Roberto Badaró,T. C. Jones,Rosemarie Lorenço,B. J. Cerf,Diana P. Sampaio,Edgar M. Carvalho,Heonir Rocha,R. Teixeira,Warren D. Johnson +8 more
TL;DR: The epidemiology, clinical patterns, and risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis were prospectively studied in an endemic area of Brazil and found that early diagnosis and therapy altered clinical patterns of the disease.