Q1. What are the contributions mentioned in the paper "Nonlinear disturbance observer design for robotic manipulators" ?
In this paper, a general systematic approach is proposed to solve the disturbance observer design problem for robotic manipulators without restrictions on the number of degrees-of-freedom ( DOFs ), the types of joints, or the manipulator configuration. This method also ∗Corresponding author, Tel.: +1 ( 647 ) 978-0140 ∗∗Principal corresponding author, Tel.: +1 ( 780 ) 492-8935, fax: +1 ( 780 ) 492-1811 Email addresses: alireza. mohammadi @ mail. utoronto. ca ( A. Mohammadi ), mahdi. tavakoli @ ualberta. ca ( M. Tavakoli ), hmarquez @ ualberta. ca ( H. J. Marquez ), farzad. hashemzadeh @ ualberta. ca ( F. Hashemzadeh ) Preprint submitted to Control Engineering Practice October 22, 2012 unifies the previously proposed linear and nonlinear disturbance observers in a general framework. Experimental results using a PHANToM Omni haptic device further illustrate the effectiveness of the design method.