Proceedings ArticleDOI
Quality metrics for optical signals: Eye diagram, Q-factor, OSNR, EVM and BER
Wolfgang Freude,Rene Schmogrow,Bernd Nebendahl,M. Winter,Arne Josten,David Hillerkuss,S. Koenig,J. Meyer,M. Dreschmann,Michael Huebner,Christian Koos,Juergen Becker,Juerg Leuthold +12 more
- pp 1-4
TLDR
It is concluded that for optical channels with additive Gaussian noise the EVM metric is a reliable quality measure and for nondata-aided reception, BER below 0.01 can be estimated from measured EVM.Abstract:
Measuring the quality of optical signals is one of the most important tasks in optical communications. A variety of metrics are available, namely the general shape of the eye diagram, the optical signal-to-noise power ratio (OSNR), the Q-factor as a measure of the eye opening, the error vector magnitude (EVM) that is especially suited for quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) formats, and the bit error ratio (BER). While the BER is the most conclusive quality determinant, it is sometimes difficult to quantify, especially for simulations and off-line processing. We compare various metrics analytically, by simulation, and through experiments. We further discuss BER estimates derived from OSNR, Q-factor and EVM data and compare them to measurements employing six modulation formats at symbol rates of 20 GBd and 25 GBd, which were generated by a software-defined transmitter. We conclude that for optical channels with additive Gaussian noise the EVM metric is a reliable quality measure. For nondata-aided reception, BER below 0.01 can be estimated from measured EVM.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Ultra-high electro-optic activity demonstrated in a silicon-organic hybrid modulator
Clemens Kieninger,Yasar Kutuvantavida,Delwin L. Elder,Stefan Wolf,Heiner Zwickel,Matthias Blaicher,Juned N. Kemal,Matthias Lauermann,Sebastian Randel,Wolfgang Freude,Larry R. Dalton,Christian Koos +11 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate ultra-high in-device electro-optic (EO) figures of merit of up to n3r33=2300 pm/V achieved in a silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) using the EO chromophore JRD1.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Survey on FEC Codes for 100 G and Beyond Optical Networks
Georgios Tzimpragos,Christoforos Kachris,Ivan B. Djordjevic,Milorad Cvijetic,Dimitrios Soudris,Ioannis Tomkos +5 more
TL;DR: A thorough survey of third-generation FEC codes, suitable for 100 G and beyond optical networks, is presented and a qualitative categorization and comparison of the proposed schemes based on their main features, such as net coding gain and BER are provided.
Journal ArticleDOI
Generalized Kramers-Kronig Receiver for Coherent THz Communications
T. Harter,Christoph Füllner,Juned N. Kemal,S. Ummethala,Johannes Steinmann,Miriam Brosi,Jeffrey L. Hesler,Erik Bründermann,Anke-Susanne Müller,Wolfgang Freude,Sebastian Randel,Christian Koos +11 more
TL;DR: In this article, the Schottky-barrier diode (SBD) was used as a nonlinear element and generalized the theory of KK processing to account for the non-quadratic characteristics of this device.
Journal ArticleDOI
Generalized Kramers–Kronig receiver for coherent terahertz communications
T. Harter,Christoph Füllner,Juned N. Kemal,S. Ummethala,Johannes Steinmann,Miriam Brosi,Jeffrey L. Hesler,Erik Bründermann,Anke-Susanne Müller,Wolfgang Freude,Sebastian Randel,Christian Koos +11 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the Kramers-Kronig scheme was applied to high-speed wireless communications at terahertz carrier frequencies, and a Schottky-barrier diode was employed as a nonlinear receiver element.
Journal ArticleDOI
Hybrid multi-chip assembly of optical communication engines by in situ 3D nano-lithography
Matthias Blaicher,M. R. Billah,Juned N. Kemal,T. Hoose,Pablo Marin-Palomo,Andreas Hofmann,Yasar Kutuvantavida,Clemens Kieninger,Philipp-Immanuel Dietrich,Matthias Lauermann,Stefan Wolf,Ute Troppenz,Martin Moehrle,Florian Merget,Sebastian T. Skacel,Jeremy Witzens,Sebastian Randel,Wolfgang Freude,Christian Koos +18 more
TL;DR: German researchers demonstrate optical communication engines that rely on photonic wire bonding for connecting arrays of silicon photonic modulators to InP lasers and single-mode fibres and form the basis for simplified assembly of advanced photonic multi-chip systems that combine the distinct advantages of different integration platforms.
References
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Book
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TL;DR: This chapter discusses the concept of a Random Variable, the meaning of Probability, and the axioms of probability in terms of Markov Chains and Queueing Theory.
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TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that a proper front-end design incorporates a high-impedance preamplifier which tends to integrate the detector output, and this must be followed by proper equalization in the later stages of the linear channel.
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