Book ChapterDOI
Synthesis, Extraction, and Purification of Fullerenes
M. S. Dresselhaus,G. Dresselhaus,P.C. Eklund +2 more
- pp 110-142
TLDR
In this article, the authors describe the laboratory methods commonly used to synthesize, extract, and purify fullerenes, including resistive heating of carbon rods in a vacuum, ac or dc plasma discharge between carbon electrodes in He gas, laser ablation of carbon electrodes, and oxidative combustion of benzene/argon gas mixtures.Abstract:
This chapter describes the laboratory methods commonly used to synthesize, extract, and purify fullerenes. Fullerene molecules are formed in the laboratory from carbon-rich vapors which can be obtained in a variety of ways, e.g., resistive heating of carbon rods in a vacuum, ac or dc plasma discharge between carbon electrodes in He gas, laser ablation of carbon electrodes in He gas, and oxidative combustion of benzene/argon gas mixtures. Most methods for the production of large quantities of fullerenes simultaneously generate a mixture of stable fullerenes (C 60 , C 70 , …), impurity molecules such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and carbon-rich soot. Therefore, the synthesis of fullerenes must be followed by procedures to extract and separate fullerenes from these impurities according to mass, and for the higher fullerenes, separation according to specific isomeric forms may also be required. Fullerenes can be synthesized in the laboratory in a wide variety of ways, all involving the generation of a carbon-rich vapor or plasma. All current methods of fullerene synthesis produce primarily C 60 and C 70 , and these molecules are now routinely isolated in gram quantities and are commercially available. Higher-mass fullerenes and endohedral complexes can also be made and isolated, albeit in substantially reduced amounts. At present the most efficient method of producing fullerenes involves an electric discharge between graphite electrodes in ∼200 torr of He gas. Fullerenes are embedded in the emitted carbon soot and must then be extracted and subsequently purified. A variation of the arc technique is used to synthesize graphene tubules. However, it appears that it will be difficult to extend the chemical methods now used to isolate particular fullerene isomers to separate the carbon tubules according to diameter and chiral angle.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Raman spectroscopy of graphene and carbon nanotubes
TL;DR: In this article, the power of Raman spectroscopy as a probe and a characterization tool for sp2 carbon materials is discussed, with particular emphasis given to the field of photophysics.
Journal ArticleDOI
Electronic structures of graphene edges and nanographene
TL;DR: The electronic structure of nanographene has a non-bonding π-electron state (edge state) localized in zigzag edges as mentioned in this paper, which is reminiscent of the non-kekule-type aromatic molecules.
Journal ArticleDOI
Raman Spectroscopic Characterization of Graphene
Bo Tang,Hu Guoxin,Hanyang Gao +2 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the intensity of the G band increases with increased graphene layers, and the shape of 2D band evolves into four peaks of bilayer graphene from a single peak of monolayer graphene.
Journal ArticleDOI
Growth Mechanism of MoS2 Fullerene-like Nanoparticles by Gas-Phase Synthesis
TL;DR: In this article, a partial reduction of the trioxide molecular clusters (3−5 molecules) leads to the formation of MoO3-x nanoparticles (5−300-nm particles size)the precursor for IF-MoS2.
Journal ArticleDOI
Electrospinning carbon nanotube polymer composite nanofibers
Leslie Y. Yeo,James Friend +1 more
TL;DR: The unique and exceptional physical properties of carbon nanotubes have inspired their use as a filler within a polymeric matrix to produce carbon-nanotube polymer composites with enhanced mechanic as mentioned in this paper.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
C 60 : Buckminsterfullerene
Harold W. Kroto,Harold W. Kroto,James R. Heath,Sean C. O'Brien,Robert F. Curl,Richard E. Smalley +5 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a truncated icosahedron, a polygon with 60 vertices and 32 faces, 12 of which are pentagonal and 20 hexagonal.
Journal ArticleDOI
Solid C60: a new form of carbon
TL;DR: In this article, a new form of pure, solid carbon has been synthesized consisting of a somewhat disordered hexagonal close packing of soccer-ball-shaped C60 molecules.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cobalt-catalysed growth of carbon nanotubes with single-atomic-layer walls
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that covaporizing carbon and cobalt in an arc generator leads to the formation of carbon nanotubes which all have very small diameters (about 1.2 nm) and walls only a single atomic layer thick.
Book
Instrumental methods of analysis
TL;DR: This is an introduction to current methods of instrumental analysis and a reference for the future, including coverage of such topics as chemometrics, robotics, laboratory information management systems and the role of instrumentation in the overall analytical method.