Journal ArticleDOI
The cellular and molecular basis of peripheral nerve regeneration.
Susan Y. Fu,Tessa Gordon +1 more
TLDR
Axonal regeneration may be facilitated by new strategies that enhance the growth potential of neurons and optimize the growth support of the distal nerve stump in combination with prompt nerve repair.Abstract:
Functional recovery from peripheral nerve injury and repair depends on a multitude of factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic to neurons. Neuronal survival after axotomy is a prerequisite for regeneration and is facilitated by an array of trophic factors from multiple sources, including neurotrophins, neuropoietic cytokines, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), and glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factors (GDNFs). Axotomized neurons must switch from a transmitting mode to a growth mode and express growth-associated proteins, such as GAP-43, tubulin, and actin, as well as an array of novel neuropeptides and cytokines, all of which have the potential to promote axonal regeneration. Axonal sprouts must reach the distal nerve stump at a time when its growth support is optimal. Schwann cells in the distal stump undergo proliferation and phenotypical changes to prepare the local environment to be favorable for axonal regeneration. Schwann cells play an indispensable role in promoting regeneration by increasing their synthesis of surface cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), such as N-CAM, Ng-CAM/L1, N-cadherin, and L2/HNK-1, by elaborating basement membrane that contains many extracellular matrix proteins, such as laminin, fibronectin, and tenascin, and by producing many neurotrophic factors and their receptors. However, the growth support provided by the distal nerve stump and the capacity of the axotomized neurons to regenerate axons may not be sustained indefinitely. Axonal regenerations may be facilitated by new strategies that enhance the growth potential of neurons and optimize the growth support of the distal nerve stump in combination with prompt nerve repair.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Degeneration and regeneration of the nervous system
Journal ArticleDOI
The induction of pain: an integrative review
TL;DR: A global account of mechanisms involved in the induction of pain is provided, including neuronal pathways for the transmission of nociceptive information from peripheral nerve terminals to the dorsal horn, and therefrom to higher centres.
Journal ArticleDOI
Neural plasticity after peripheral nerve injury and regeneration.
TL;DR: An important direction for ongoing research is the development of therapeutic strategies that enhance axonal regeneration, promote selective target reinnervation, but are also able to modulate central nervous system reorganization, amplifying those positive adaptive changes that help to improve functional recovery but also diminishing undesirable consequences.
Journal ArticleDOI
The repair Schwann cell and its function in regenerating nerves
Kristjan R. Jessen,Rhona Mirsky +1 more
TL;DR: The transcription factor c‐Jun, although not required for Schwann cell development, is therefore central to the reprogramming of myelin and non‐myelin (Remak) Schwann cells to repair cells after injury.
Journal ArticleDOI
Brief Electrical Stimulation Promotes the Speed and Accuracy of Motor Axonal Regeneration
TL;DR: The effectiveness of such a short-period low-frequency electrical stimulation suggests a new therapeutic approach to accelerate nerve regeneration after injury and, in turn, improve functional recovery.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
GDNF: a glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons
TL;DR: In embryonic midbrain cultures, recombinant human GDNF promoted the survival and morphological differentiation of dopaminergic neurons and increased their high-affinity dopamine uptake and did not increase total neuron or astrocyte numbers or transmitter uptake.
Journal ArticleDOI
Integrins and signal transduction pathways: the road taken
Edwin A. Clark,Joan S. Brugge +1 more
TL;DR: Recent advances in understanding of intracellular signal transduction pathways regulated by the integrin family of adhesion receptors are focused on.
Journal ArticleDOI
The heparin-binding (fibroblast) growth factor family of proteins.
Wilson H. Burgess,Thomas Maciag +1 more
Journal ArticleDOI
Degeneration and regeneration of the nervous system
Related Papers (5)
Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: prolonged denervation
Susan Y. Fu,Tessa Gordon +1 more