Journal ArticleDOI
Think manager—think male: A global phenomenon?
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TLDR
The relationship between sex role stereotypes and characteristics perceived as necessary for management success was examined among 361 male and 228 female management students in Japan and the People's Republic of China.Abstract:
The relationship between sex role stereotypes and characteristics perceived as necessary for management success was examined among 361 male and 228 female management students in Japan and the People's Republic of China. The results revealed that males and females in both countries perceive that successful middle managers possess characteristics, attitudes and temperaments more commonly ascribed to men in general than to women in general. These results were compared with previous studies done in the U.S., Great Britain and Germany, using the same Schein 92-item Descriptive Index, and similar samples and procedures. The comparison supports the view that ‘think manager—think male’ is a global phenomenon, especially among males. Regardless of country context, there was a strong and similar degree of managerial sex typing among male management students in all five countries. Among females, the managerial sex typing hypothesis was confirmed in every country except the U.S., in which men and women are seen as equally likely to possess requisite management characteristics. Unlike those of their male counterparts, the females' pattern of outcomes varied across countries, possibly a reflection of their respective opportunities for managerial participation. The implications of managerial sex typing as a global phenomenon are discussed.read more
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Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms.
TL;DR: Subgroup and meta-regression analyses indicated that this masculine construal of leadership has decreased over time and was greater for male than female research participants, and stereotypes portrayed leaders as less masculine in educational organizations than in other domains and in moderate- than in high-status leader roles.
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A Global Look at Psychological Barriers to Women's Progress in Management
TL;DR: A review of the replications of the Schein research in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, China, and Japan provides the basis for a global look at the "think manager-think male" phenomenon as mentioned in this paper.
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The Role of Gender Stereotypes in Perceptions of Entrepreneurs and Intentions to Become an Entrepreneur
TL;DR: In this article, the role of socially constructed gender stereotypes in entrepreneurship and their influence on men and women's entrepreneurial intentions was examined and found that those who perceived themselves as more similar to males (high on male gender identification) had higher entrepreneurial intentions than those who saw themselves as less similar to females (low male identification).
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Entrepreneurial perceptions and intentions : The role of gender and culture
TL;DR: This article examined how culture and gender shape entrepreneurial perceptions and intentions within Hofstede's cultural dimensions framework and gender role theory and found that significant gender differences exist in barrier perceptions and a moderating effect of gender on the relationship between barriers and entrepreneurial intentions is identified.
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The Glass Cliff: Exploring the Dynamics Surrounding the Appointment of Women to Precarious Leadership Positions
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the "glass cliff" form of discrimination and identify multiple processes as having the potential to contribute to the phenomenon, and elaborate strategies for eliminating glass cliffs, but, as with other forms of discrimination, these depend on the capacity for disadvantaged groups to overcome resistance on the part of those who are motivated to maintain the status quo.
References
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Book
Culture′s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values
TL;DR: In his book Culture's Consequences, Geert Hofstede proposed four dimensions on which the differences among national cultures can be understood: Individualism, Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance and Masculinity as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research
TL;DR: The authors investigated factors that affect translation quality and how equivalence between source and target versions can be evaluated through an analysis of variance design, and concluded that translation quality can be predicted, and that a functionally equivalent translation can be demonstrated when responses to the original and target translations are studied.