Journal ArticleDOI
Three-dimensional development of cascade showers induced by 50-, 100-, and 300-GeV electrons
N. Hotta,H. Munakata,M. Sakata,Y. Yamamoto,Shoji Dake,Hiroshi Ito,M. Miyanishi,Katsuaki Kasahara,T. Yuda,K. Mizutani,I. Ohta +10 more
TLDR
In this article, five emulsion chambers were analyzed with two different dilution factors exposed to the 50-, 100-, and 300-GeV electron beams at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory.Abstract:
Five emulsion chambers were analyzed with two different dilution factors exposed to the 50-, 100-, and 300-GeV electron beams at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. The longitudinal development and lateral distribution of the number of shower tracks within a certain radius (\ensuremath{\le} 100 \ensuremath{\mu} m) both roughly agree with the theoretical transition and lateral curves by Nishimura and Kidd connected by a spacing factor equal to the dilution factor. The error of the cascade energy measurement by the conventional way, using the transition curves within a radius 50 \ensuremath{\mu} m, is 18-28% for 50-100 GeV and 13-14% for 300 GeV. Track length within a cylinder of the same radius gives less ambiguity than the above method, when the track length is summed up till the depth is greater than 1.4 times the depth of the maximum number of shower tracks within a radius 50 \ensuremath{\mu} m. Other results with details are also described.read more
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The mean free path in air
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Atmospheric ions and nucleation: a review of observations
Anne Hirsikko,Tuomo Nieminen,Stephanie Gagne,Katrianne Lehtipalo,Hanna E. Manninen,Mikael Ehn,Urmas Hõrrak,Veli-Matti Kerminen,Veli-Matti Kerminen,Lauri Laakso,Lauri Laakso,Lauri Laakso,Peter H. McMurry,Aadu Mirme,Sander Mirme,Tuukka Petäjä,Hannes Tammet,Ville Vakkari,Marko Vana,Marko Vana,Markku Kulmala +20 more
TL;DR: In this article, a review of 260 publications on the formation of 2-nm intermediate ions, growth rates of sub-3 nm ions, and information on the chemical composition of the ions is presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
Re-evaluation of millikan's oil drop data for the motion of small particles in air
Michael D. Allen,Otto G. Raabe +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the slip correction parameters were re-evaluated using the latest published values of physical constants and nonlinear least squares function fitting, and the results showed that the maximum percentage difference in the calculated correction factor is less than 2.0% over the Knudsen number range.