Journal ArticleDOI
Tinbergen's four questions: an appreciation and an update
Patrick Bateson,Kevin N. Laland +1 more
TLDR
This year is the 50th anniversary of Tinbergen's article 'On aims and methods of ethology', where he first outlined the four 'major problems of biology', and it would seem a suitable opportunity to reflect on the four questions and evaluate the scientific work that they encourage.Abstract:
This year is the 50th anniversary of Tinbergen’s (1963) article ‘On aims and methods of ethology’, where he first outlined the four ‘major problems of biology’. The classification of the four problems, or questions, is one of Tinbergen’s most enduring legacies, and it remains as valuable today as 50 years ago in highlighting the value of a comprehensive, multifaceted understanding of a characteristic, with answers to each question providing complementary insights. Nonetheless, much has changed in the intervening years, and new data call for a more nuanced application of Tinbergen’s framework. The anniversary would seem a suitable opportunity to reflect on the four questions and evaluate the scientific work that they encourage. Origins of Tinbergen’s questionsread more
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Early developmental conditioning of later health and disease: physiology or pathophysiology?
Mark A. Hanson,Peter D. Gluckman +1 more
TL;DR: The extent to which DOHaD represents the result of the physiological processes of developmental plasticity, which may have potential adverse consequences in terms of NCD risk later, or whether it is the manifestation of pathophysiological processes acting in early life but only becoming apparent as disease later?
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Mammalian empathy: behavioural manifestations and neural basis
TL;DR: The latest evidence from studies carried out across a wide range of species, including studies on yawn contagion, consolation, aid-giving and contagious physiological affect are discussed, and neuroscientific data on representations related to another's state is summarized.
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The biology of developmental plasticity and the Predictive Adaptive Response hypothesis
TL;DR: In resolving the conflict, distinctions should be drawn between PARs induced by normative variations in the developmental environment and the ill effects on development of extremes in environment such as a very poor or very rich nutritional environment.
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Social Learning Strategies: Bridge-Building between Fields.
Rachel L. Kendal,Neeltje J. Boogert,Luke Rendell,Kevin N. Laland,Mike M. Webster,Patricia L. Jones +5 more
TL;DR: The SLS concept needs updating to accommodate recent findings that individuals switch between strategies flexibly, that multiple strategies are deployed simultaneously, and that there is no one-to-one correspondence between psychological heuristics deployed and resulting population-level patterns.
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How STRANGE are your study animals
Mike M. Webster,Christian Rutz +1 more
TL;DR: A new framework for animal-behaviour research will help to avoid sampling bias — ten years on from the call to widen the pool of human participants in psychology studies beyond the WEIRD.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
The Genetical Evolution of Social Behaviour. I
TL;DR: A genetical mathematical model is described which allows for interactions between relatives on one another's fitness and a quantity is found which incorporates the maximizing property of Darwinian fitness, named “inclusive fitness”.
The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme
TL;DR: The adaptationist programme is faulted for its failure to distinguish current utility from reasons for origin, and Darwin’s own pluralistic approach to identifying the agents of evolutionary change is supported.
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The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors criticise the adaptationist program for its inability to distinguish current utility from reasons for origin (male tyrannosaurs may have used their diminutive front legs to titillate female partners, but this will not explain why they got so small).
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Culture and the evolutionary process
Robert Boyd,Peter J. Richerson +1 more
TL;DR: Using methods developed by population biologists, a theory of cultural evolution is proposed that is an original and fair-minded alternative to the sociobiology debate.