Tryptophan-kynurenine pathway as a novel link between gut microbiota and schizophrenia: A review
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TLDR
It was hypothesized that perturbations in kynurenine pathway could cause activation of immunity, and that oxidative stress may be involved in the etiology of schizophrenia, and the present work is a review of the latest studies on the possible role and mechanism involved.Abstract:
Gut microbiota and its metabolite tryptophan play an important role in regulating neurotransmission, immune homeostasis and oxidative stress which are critical for brain development. The kynurenine pathway is the main route of tryptophan catabolism. Kynurenine metabolites regulate many biological processes including host-microbiome communication, immunity and oxidative stress, as well as neuronal excitability. The accumulation of metabolites produced by kynurenine pathway in brain results in the activation of the immune system (increase in the levels of inflammatory factors) and oxidative stress (production of reactive oxygen species, ROS), which are associated with mental disorders, for example schizophrenia. Thus, it was hypothesized that perturbations in kynurenine pathway could cause activation of immunity, and that oxidative stress may be involved in the etiology of schizophrenia. The present work is a review of the latest studies on the possible role of kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia, and mechanism(s) involved.read more
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Probiotics and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Focus on Psychiatry.
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Immune Influencers in Action: Metabolites and Enzymes of the Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolic Pathway.
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Milton W. Taylor,Gen-Sheng Feng +1 more
TL;DR: Relationship between interferon‐γ, indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase, and tryptophan catabolism and a possible role for IDO in O2‐radical scavenging and in inflammation is discussed.
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Francesca Fallarino,Ursula Grohmann,Carmine Vacca,Roberta Bianchi,Ciriana Orabona,Antonio Spreca,Maria C. Fioretti,Paolo Puccetti +7 more
TL;DR: It is shown that tryptophan metabolites in the kynurenine pathway, such as 3-hydroxyanthranilic and quinolinic acids, will induce the selective apoptosis in vitro of murine thymocytes and of Th1 but not Th2 cells, suggesting that the selective deletion of T lymphocytes may be a major mechanism whereby tryptophile metabolism affects immunity under physiopathologic conditions.