Journal ArticleDOI
Xylem vessel-diameter–shoot-length scaling: ecological significance of porosity types and other traits
Mark E. Olson,Julieta A. Rosell,Cecilia Martínez-Pérez,Calixto León-Gómez,Alex Fajardo,Sandrine Isnard,María Angélica Cervantes-Alcayde,Alberto Echeverría,Víctor A. Figueroa-Abundiz,Alí Segovia-Rivas,Santiago Trueba,Santiago Trueba,Karen Vázquez-Segovia +12 more
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TLDR
The methods illustrate how vessel diameter can be studied taking shoot length into account to detect ecologically important variation and construct theory regarding plant adaptation via the hydraulic system that includes plant size as a vital element.Abstract:
Flowering plants predominantly conduct water in tubes known as vessels, with vessel diameter playing a crucial role in plant adaptation to climate and reactions to climate change. The importance of vessels makes it essential to understand how and why vessel diameter, plant height, and other ecological factors are interrelated. Although shoot length is by far the main driver of variation in mean vessel diameter across angiosperms, much remains to be understood regarding the factors accounting for the abundant variation around the y-axis in plots of mean species vessel diameter against shoot length. Here, we explore the potential role of porosity types, wood density, leaf phenology, background imperforate tracheary element type, vasicentric tracheids, vascular tracheids, perforation plate type, and successive cambia in causing variation in the y-intercept or slope of the mean species vessel-diameter– and vesseldensity–shoot-length associations at the shoot tip and base. We detected numerous cases of ecologically significant variation. For example, latewood vessels of ring porous species scale with a lower slope than earlywood, i.e., latewood vessels are relatively narrow in taller plants. This pattern is likely the result of selection favoring freezing-induced embolism resistance via narrow vessels. Wood density was negatively associated with vessel diameter, with low wood density plants having wider vessels for a given height. Species with scalariform perforation plates scale with a lower shoot base vessel-diameter–shoot-length slope, likely reflecting selection against scalariform plates in wide vessels. In other cases, functional groups scaled similarly. For example, species with successive cambia did not differ from those with conventional single cambia in their mean vessel-diameter–shoot-length scaling, rejecting our prediction that species with successive cambia should have narrower vessels for a given shoot length. They did, however, have fewer vessels per unit shoot cross-sectional area than plants of similar heights, likely because vessels have longer functional lifespans (and therefore are fewer) in species with successive cambia. Our methods illustrate how vessel diameter can be studied taking shoot length into account to detect ecologically important variation and construct theory regarding plant adaptation via the hydraulic system that includes plant size as a vital element.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Tree height and leaf drought tolerance traits shape growth responses across droughts in a temperate broadleaf forest.
Ian R. McGregor,Ian R. McGregor,Ryan Helcoski,Norbert Kunert,Norbert Kunert,Alan J. Tepley,Alan J. Tepley,Erika Gonzalez-Akre,Valentine Herrmann,Joseph Zailaa,Joseph Zailaa,Atticus E. L. Stovall,Atticus E. L. Stovall,Atticus E. L. Stovall,Norman A. Bourg,William J. McShea,Neil Pederson,Lawren Sack,Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira,Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira +19 more
TL;DR: The tree-ring record reveals that tree height and leaf drought tolerance traits influenced growth responses during and after significant droughts in the meteorological record, indicating that tall trees with drought-sensitive leaves will be most vulnerable to immediate and longer-term growth reductions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Tip-to-base xylem conduit widening as an adaptation: causes, consequences, and empirical priorities.
TL;DR: It is given reason to suspect that tip-to-base conduit widening is an adaptation, favored by natural selection because widening helps minimize the increase in hydraulic resistance that would otherwise occur as an individual stem grows longer and conductive pathlength increases.
Journal ArticleDOI
From Carlquist's ecological wood anatomy to Carlquist's Law: why comparative anatomy is crucial for functional xylem biology
TL;DR: This extraordinarily rich production over six decades is filled with comparative inferences, including "Carlquist's Law", the pervasive tendency for vessels to be solitary when background cells are conductive and detailed functional inferences regarding ray cell orientation.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Widened Pipe Model of plant hydraulic evolution.
Loren Koçillari,Loren Koçillari,Mark E. Olson,Samir Suweis,Rodrigo P. Rocha,Alberto Lovison,Franco Cardin,Todd E. Dawson,Alberto Echeverría,Alex Fajardo,Silvia Lechthaler,Cecilia Martínez-Pérez,Carmen Regina Marcati,Kuo-Fang Chung,Julieta A. Rosell,Alí Segovia-Rivas,Cameron B. Williams,Emilio Petrone‐Mendoza,Andrea Rinaldo,Andrea Rinaldo,Tommaso Anfodillo,Jayanth R. Banavar,Amos Maritan +22 more
TL;DR: The Widened Pipe Model (WPM) as discussed by the authors predicts that xylem conduits should be narrowest at the stem tips, widening quickly before plateauing toward the stem base.
Journal ArticleDOI
Hydraulic function and conduit structure in the xylem of five oak species
Marta I. Percolla,Jaycie C. Fickle,F. Daniela Rodriguez-Zaccaro,R. Brandon Pratt,Anna L. Jacobsen +4 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the structure of these co-occurring conduit types and their contribution to plant hydraulic function have been relatively little studied, and it was hypothesized that vasicentric tracheids contribute to hydraulic function under conditions of low water availability.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II
TL;DR: A revised and updated classification for the families of the flowering plants is provided in this paper, which includes Austrobaileyales, Canellales, Gunnerales, Crossosomatales and Celastrales.
Journal ArticleDOI
A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology
TL;DR: The model provides a complete analysis of scaling relations for mammalian circulatory systems that are in agreement with data and predicts structural and functional properties of vertebrate cardiovascular and respiratory systems, plant vascular systems, insect tracheal tubes, and other distribution networks.
Journal ArticleDOI
Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum
Jérôme Chave,David A. Coomes,Steven Jansen,Simon L. Lewis,Nathan G. Swenson,Amy E. Zanne,Amy E. Zanne +6 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that, similar to the manifold that tree species leaf traits cluster around the 'leaf economics spectrum', a similar 'wood economics spectrum' may be defined.
Journal ArticleDOI
The hydraulic architecture of trees and other woody plants
Melvin T. Tyree,Frank W. Ewers +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed how the hydraulic design of trees influences the movement of water from roots to leaves and discussed some of the ecological and physiological trade-offs of specific structures.
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