Showing papers on "Aphasia published in 1981"
TL;DR: The results suggest that aphasics with even severe language impairments retain stored semantic information that may be automatically activated, yet is inaccessible to conscious semantic decision during metalinguistic tasks.
285 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the best explanation for the disorder of patients with repetition deficit but without significant speech output problems is the hypothesis that repetition ability is compromised by a pathological limitation of auditory-verbal short-term memory.
193 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: The authors discuss language and communication intervention approaches in adult aphasia, including specific impairments in adult aga-phasia remediation of related disorders, and make some professional considerations.
Abstract: Basic considerations language and communication intervention approaches in adult aphasia language and communication strategies for specific impairments in adult aphasia remediation of related disorders professional considerations.
166 citations
TL;DR: These cases are examples of an acquired and reversible autistic syndrome in childhood, emphasizing the clinical similarities to bilateral medial temporal lobe disease as described in man, including the Klüver-Bucy syndrome seen in postencephalitic as well as postsurgical states.
Abstract: • In seeking the neurologic substrate of the autistic syndrome of childhood, previous studies have implicated the medial temporal lobe or the ring of mesolimbic cortex located in the mesial frontal and temporal lobes. During an acute encephalopathic illness, a clinical picture developed in three children that was consistent with infantile autism. This development was reversible. It was differentiated from acquired epileptic aphasia, and the language disorder was differentiated from aphasia. One child had rises in serum herpes simplex titers, and a computerized tomographic (CT) scan revealed an extensive lesion of the temporal lobes, predominantly on the left. The other two, with similar clinical syndromes, had normal CT scans, and no etiologic agent was defined. These cases are examples of ah acquired and reversible autistic syndrome in childhood, emphasizing the clinical similarities to bilateral medial temporal lobe disease as described in man, including the Kluver-Bucy syndrome seen in postencephalitic as well as postsurgical states.
162 citations
TL;DR: The data suggest that reliance on CT in delineating the extent of the brain lesion in aphasia or other neuropsychological defects can be misleading; FDG PECT may provide important additional information.
Abstract: Positron emission computed tomography (PECT) using 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) was used to investigate the correlations between clinical status, anatomy (as described by CT), and metabolism in five patients with stable aphasia resulting from ischemic cerebral infarction. Local cerebral metabolic activity was diminished in an area larger than the area of infarction demonstrated by CT. In one patient, FDG PECT revealed a metabolic lesion that probably caused the aphasic syndrome and was not apparent by CT. The data suggest that reliance on CT in delineating the extent of the brain lesion in aphasia or other neuropsychological defects can be misleading; FDG PECT may provide important additional information. Two patients with similar metabolic lesions had very different clinical syndromes, showing that even when currently available methods are combined, major gaps remain in clinicoanatomical correlations in aphasia.
158 citations
TL;DR: The results of treatment with levodopa indicates that neurotransmitter substances enhance the clarity, volume and persistence of phonation and the latency and smoothness of articulation and the improvement of speech performance is not necessarily in phase with locomotor changes.
Abstract: Study of the speech disorders of Parkinsonism provides a paradigm of the integration of phonation, articulation and language in the production of speech. The initial defect in the untreated patient is a failure to control respiration for the purpose of speech and there follows a forward progression of articulatory symptoms involving larynx, pharynx, tongue and finally lips. There is evidence that the integration of speech production is organised asymmetrically at thalamic level. Experimental or therapeutic lesions in the region of the inferior medial portion of ventro-lateral thalamus may influence the initiation, respiratory control, rate and prosody of speech. Higher language functions may also be involved in thalamic integration: different forms of anomia are reported with pulvinar and ventrolateral thalamic lesions and transient aphasia may follow stereotaxis. The results of treatment with levodopa indicates that neurotransmitter substances enhance the clarity, volume and persistence of phonation and the latency and smoothness of articulation. The improvement of speech performance is not necessarily in phase with locomotor changes. The dose-related dyskinetic effects of levodopa, which appear to have a physiological basis in observations previously made in post-encephalitic Parkinsonism, not only influence the prosody of speech with near-mutism, hesitancy and dysfluency but may affect work-finding ability and in instances of excitement (erethism) even involve the association of long-term memory with speech. In future, neurologists will need to examine more closely the role of neurotransmitters in speech production and formulation.
153 citations
TL;DR: Schizophrenics with formal thought disorder showed significant abnormalities compared to all other groups, particularly on the Token Test and the repetition of phrases test, suggestive of language comprehension and repetition dysfunctions in a substantial minority of rigorously defined schizophrenics.
Abstract: Similarities between language disorders in aphasia and formal thought disorder in schizophrenia are explored in 24 schizophrenic, 5 manic and 5 depressed psychiatric in-patients, and 28 normal controls. Eight sub-tests from the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination, a picture naming test and the Token test were administered. Schizophrenics with formal thought disorder showed significant abnormalities compared to all other groups, particularly on the Token Test and the repetition of phrases test. These deficits are suggestive of language comprehension and repetition dysfunctions in a substantial minority of rigorously defined schizophrenics.
153 citations
TL;DR: Wernicke's aphasics were more impaired than Broca's at all levels, but their performance was disproportionately impaired as semantic mediation was introduced, which showed that just as semantic processing demand increases therisk of phonological error, so does phonological difficulty increase the risk of semantic error.
124 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that aphasic pantomimic expressive deficits are not caused by general intellectual deficit or limb apraxia; but, they are associated with a central symbolic disorder or a verbal mediation deficit.
Abstract: Studies were conducted to investigate aphasic deficits in pantomimic behaviors. Three groups of subjects were used: 47 aphasics; 27 right-hemisphere-damaged; and 11 controls. Study I replicates a p...
123 citations
TL;DR: Sex differences and age distribution are examined in various types of aphasia and in right hemisphere-damaged patients due to acute infarct and language and performance deficits were measured by a standardized test allowing to group patients meaningfully.
Abstract: Sex differences and age distribution are examined in various types of aphasia and in right hemisphere-damaged patients due to acute infarct. The language and performance deficits were measured by a standardized test allowing us to group patients meaningfully. The higher male to female ratio of aphasia is shown to relate to a similar sex distribution in infarcts rather than to sex differences in cerebral organization. Broca's aphasics were somewhat younger than the other groups and the slight difference may be related to pathophysiological factors favouring embolic strokes in the anterior territory of the middle cerebral artery. Sex and aphasia types were not significantly different in various age groups except about 50 years of age where the female aphasics reversed the ratio.
118 citations
TL;DR: Comparison of the CT scan findings in two matched groups of fluent aphasics showed that phonemic disorders of speech were associated with lesions nearer to the sylvian fissure, while lexical disorders ofspeech were associatedwith lesions farther from the syLVian fISSure.
TL;DR: Dr Kertesz discusses previous classifications of aphasias, a description of tests used in aphasIA, and treatment for and recovery from aphasia, and uses numerical taxonomy to outline discriminatory characteristics for subsequent identification of acersic individuals.
Abstract: In the foreword to this book, Dr Geschwind mentions that there are over 50,000 patients per year who suffer from a disabling degree of aphasia. Dr Kertesz, in this excellent book on the subject, discusses previous classifications of aphasias, a description of tests used in aphasia, and treatment for and recovery from aphasia. Using numerical taxonomy (the quantitative science of classification and systematics), he has attempted to outline discriminatory characteristics for subsequent identification of aphasic individuals. This has been done most painstakingly with data from the Western Aphasia Battery, in an attempt to provide objectivity and precision for clinical classification, which are much needed for reliable research in aphasia. There are good chapters on computerized tomography in aphasia and isotope localization of lesions. The former is an excellent review of this important advance in our diagnostic method and its correlation with aphasia. There are also excellent chapters on agraphia, alexia,
TL;DR: Patients with ideational apraxia (i.a.) performed significantly worse than patients without i.a. in a task where they had to arrange pictures in correct order illustrating actions requiring the use of various objects and in two similar pictorial tasks, where consecutive stages of common events are illustrated, there was no difference in performance.
TL;DR: It appears that there are a number of methodological difficulties complicating interpretation of the intellectual deficit based on the Progressive Matrices and Wechsler-Bellevue scores, since performance on these tests is adversely affected by both aphasia and apraxia.
Abstract: The Raven Progressive Matrices and four subtests of the Wechsler-Bellevue Performance Scale were given to 173 left hemisphere patients subdivided according to presence/absence, type (fluent/non-fluent) and severity (moderate/severe) of aphasia. Constructive and ideomotor apraxia scores and CT scan data of each subject entered the statistical analysis. Factors significant in producing a low score on Progressive Matrices and Wechsler-Bellevue were presence of aphasia and constructive apraxia. Site and size of lesion per se failed to account for the intelligence scores. The relationship between aphasia, apraxia, intelligence test scores, and CT scan data were discussed in an attempt to clarify the meaning of these low intelligence test scores in aphasics and to assess the underlying roles of the brain lesions in this deficit. It appears that there are a number of methodological difficulties complicating interpretation of the intellectual deficit based on the Progressive Matrices and Wechsler-Bellevue scores, since performance on these tests is adversely affected by both aphasia and apraxia.
TL;DR: Results are interpreted as support for the hypothesis that the syndrome of Broca's aphasia results from an impairment to the syntactic component of the language processing system.
TL;DR: Recovery from acute aphasia after closed head injury was studied in 21 young adults at least 6 months after injury and patients who recovered to normal levels on all language tests generally had acute neurologic findings consistent with mild diffuse brain injury.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the prognosis and course of recovery in patients with crossed aphasia may in some cases be more related to the location and severity of the cerebral lesion than to the side of hemispheric involvement.
TL;DR: A 60-year-old diabetic who was aphasic for 12 days was studied and the diagnosis of aphasics status was supported by electroencephalographic seizure patterns in the left hemisphere.
Abstract: Complex partial status epilepticus with aphasia as the sole manifestation has been reported only twice before. We studied a 60-year-old diabetic who was aphasic for 12 days. The diagnosis of aphasic status was supported by electroencephalographic seizure patterns in the left hemisphere.
TL;DR: Processing strategies for production and perception of prepositions were studied in Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia, indicating the different degrees of syntactic demands upon the two tasks.
TL;DR: Inspection of rate of language growth before and after starting occupational therapy showed a consistent increase in rate of growth in language comprehensive concomitant with occupational therapy compared to previous growth rate.
Abstract: The relationship between language development and sensory integration was explored through single case experimental studies of one female and three male aphasic children ranging in age from 4 years, 0 months to 5 years, 3 months. Other agencies had assessed all the children in the area of language development at least 6 months before the start of occupational therapy. Three of the four children had received either speech therapy, special education specific to aphasia, or both, before starting occupational therapy. Additional baseline data on language expression and comprehension, as well as on sensory integrative functioning, were gathered before beginning a year of occupational therapy that involved sensory integration procedures. Inspection of rate of language growth before and after starting occupational therapy showed a consistent increase in rate of growth in language comprehensive concomitant with occupational therapy compared to previous growth rate. The two children with depressed postrotary nystagmus demonstrated notable gains on expressive language measures.
TL;DR: It is suggested that there might be age-related changes in the neurophysiological mechanism subserving language, such that some types of aphasia would tend to be more prevalent with age, regardless of lesion location.
Abstract: The age and gender of a series of patients with different types of aphasia were analysed. Regardless of gender, patients with Broca and conduction aphasias were significantly younger than those with Wernicke and global aphasias. Considering the established cerebral localisation of each of those aphasia types, it appears that, with age, stroke in the territory of the middle cerebral artery will tend to either shift posteriorly (producing Wernicke aphasia) or occupy most of the middle cerebral artery territory (producing global aphasia). But in the absence of concurrent verification of the locus of lesion in each of the cases in our sample, a possible alternative hypothesis must be entertained: that there might be age-related changes in the neurophysiological mechanism subserving language, such that some types of aphasia would tend to be more prevalent with age, regardless of lesion location.
TL;DR: Infarct siźe (number of 1-mm 2 pixels in the lesion) on CT scans of 30 aphasia patients was obtained with a semiautomated computer program and there was a significant correlation between severity of aphasias and lesion size.
TL;DR: In this paper, a patient with dysphasia followed suddenly by an apparently discrete thalamic infarct proven by computed tomography (CT) was presented, and detailed psychometric data of the patient's speech and memory disorder obtained during the acute and chronic stages were correlated with the evaluation of the evaluation.
Abstract: We present a patient in whom dysphasia followed suddenly upon an apparently discrete thalamic infarct proven by computed tomography (CT). Detailed psychometric data of the patient's speech and memory disorder obtained during the acute and chronic stages were correlated with the evaluation of
TL;DR: A method is described to relate brain morphology and neuropsychological disturbances such as aphasia by mapping lesions with computerized tomography onto a grid model of five brain slices, allowing the quantitative and qualitative manipulation of a large number of data.
Abstract: A method is described to relate brain morphology and neuropsychological disturbances such as aphasia. By mapping lesions with computerized tomography onto a grid model of five brain slices, it is possible to compare aphasiological information and lesion site by data processing, allowing the quantitative and qualitative manipulation of a large number of data. The soundness of the method is investigated in a pilot study on the localization of aphasic disturbances. Data processing was performed on a preliminary group of 70 patients with different aphasic syndromes (Broca, Wernicke, and global aphasics with and without recurring utterances). The results confirmed the findings of older studies, with the typical locus of Wernicke''s aphasia being Wernicke''s area. In conformity to more recent studies, the main lesion for Broca aphasics was found to be in the insular cortex, with a relatively important participation of the frontal white matter. The implications of this refined method for more vigorous aphasiological and neuropsychological research are briefly indicated.
TL;DR: Verbal intentional perseveration was found in 33 of 38 aphasic patients (86.8%) for repetition task and indicates that perseveration might be related with disinhibited irrelevant memory trace.
TL;DR: A case study of an aphasic patient who displays two interesting characteristics, namely, a dissociation between his oral and written disorders and an agraphia-alexia syndrome in which the picturability of the entities referred to by words plays an important role.
TL;DR: A Syntax Stimulation Program based on the findings of neurolinguistic studies of agrammatic aphasic patients was used to treat one patient with a three year history of severe agrammatism, and with this special treatment, the patient was able to produce grammatical speech in spontaneous conversation.
Abstract: A Syntax Stimulation Program (SSP) based on the findings of neurolinguistic studies of agrammatic aphasic patients was used to treat one patient with a three year history of severe agrammatism The SSP is designed to elicit eight different sentence constructions at two levels of difficulty using a story completion technique The patient received pre-, mid- and post-treatment testing with the Northwestern Syntax Screening Test (NSST) and the cookie theft picture description of the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE) With 10 1/2 weeks of treatment, the patient's NSST expressive scores improved from 0 to 21, and his BDAE picture description showed increased phrase length and use of grammatical constructions In addition, with this special treatment, the patient was able to produce grammatical speech in spontaneous conversation Thus, the SSP appears to have therapeutic merit in training syntactic skills in presumably stable agrammatic patients
TL;DR: The amount of spontaneous change in aphasia was quantified in 44 right‐handed patients who were aphasic following a first and unihemispheric stroke, finding which must be taken into account in evaluating any claims for effectiveness of speech therapy.
Abstract: The amount of spontaneous change in aphasia was quantified in 44 right-handed patients who were aphasic following a first and unihemispheric stroke. All were initially tested less than 14 days after onset and were reevaluated at a mean of 30 days. The Porch Index of Communicative Ability was administered for objective and precise measurement. Forty-one of the patients demonstrated significant improvement, a finding which must be taken into account in evaluating any claims for effectiveness of speech therapy.