Showing papers on "Architecture published in 1999"

Building Product Models: Computer Environments, Supporting Design and Construction

Abstract: From the Publisher: Building Product Models thoroughly presents the concepts,technology, and methods now used to work out what will become the building product model - a new, digital representation for architecture, civil engineering, and building construction Organized into three sections (history, current tools and concepts, and existing efforts and research issues), this resource provides the field of building product modeling with a standard reference as well as a single, comprehensive text for university courses Until now, all the efforts in building modeling have been reported in research journals and conference proceedings or been made available as draft standards on the Internet. Building Product Models is the only book available on this vital field, bringing together essential aspects of major efforts from the early 1970s to the present.

Framing Places: Mediating Power in Built Form

Abstract: Framing Places is an account of the nexus between place and power, investigating how the built forms of architecture and urban design act as mediators of social practices of power. Explored through a range of theories and case studies, this examination shows how lives are 'framed' within the clusters of rooms, buildings, streets and cities. These silent framings of everyday life also mediate practices of coercion, seduction and authorization as architects and urban designers engage with the articulation of dreams; imagining and constructing a 'better' future in someone's interest. This second edition has been thoroughly revised and updated to include a look at the recent Grollo Tower development in Melbourne and a critique on Euralille, a new quarter development in Northern France. The book draws from a broad range of methodology including: analysis of spatial structure discourse analysis phenomenology. These approaches are woven together through a series of narratives on specific cities - Berlin, Beijing and Bangkok - and global building types including the corporate tower, shopping mall, domestic house and enclave.

Playing Detective: Reconstructing Software Architecture from Available Evidence

Abstract: Because a system‘s software architecture strongly influences its quality attributes such as modifiability, performance, and security, it is important to analyze and reason about that architecture. However, architectural documentation frequently does not exist, and when it does, it is often “out of sync” with the implemented system. In addition, it is rare that software development begins with a clean slates systems are almost always constrained by existing legacy code. As a consequence, we need to be able to extract information from existing system implementations and utilize this information for architectural reasoning. This paper presents Dali, an open, lightweight workbench that aids an analyst in extracting, manipulating, and interpreting architectural information. By assisting in the reconstruction of architectures from extracted information, Dali helps an analyst redocument architectures, discover the relationship between “as-implemented” and “as-designed” architectures, analyze architectural quality attributes and plan for architectural change.

Toward a New International Financial Architecture

Abstract: An electronic switch which has no moving parts and is actuated by the capacitance of an operator providing a connection between earth ground and an input to the electronics associated with the switch is disclosed. The electronic switch in the preferred embodiment, includes a plate accessible to the tough of a human operator electrically connected to a first amplifier, and particularly to the input which is isolated from and thus oscillating with respect to earth ground. The output of the first amplifier is simultaneously connected to one end of a storage capacitor, having its other end connected to earth ground, and to one end of a high impedance. A second amplifier, is connected to the other end of the high impedance to provide a switched output, with the switched output having a first state for approximating an electrical short circuit and a second state for approximating an electrical open circuit.

Architecture and Modernity. A Critique

Abstract: In this exploration of the relationship between modernity, dwelling, and architecture, Hilde Heynen attempts to bridge the gap between the discourse of the modern movement and cultural theories of modernity. On one hand, she discusses architecture from the perspective of critical theory, and on the other, she modifies positions within critical theory by linking them with architecture. She assesses architecture as a cultural field that structures daily life and that embodies major contradictions inherent in modernity, arguing that architecture nonetheless has a certain capacity to adopt a critical stance vis-a-vis modernity. Besides presenting a theoretical discussion of the relation between architecture, modernity, and dwelling, the book provides architectural students with an introduction to the discourse of critical theory. The subchapters on Walter Benjamin, Ernst Bloch, Theodor Adorno, and the Venice School (Tafuri, Dal Co, Cacciari) can be studied independently for this purpose.

Attribute-Based Architecture Styles

Abstract: Architectural styles have enjoyed widespread popularity in the past few years, and for good reason: they represent the distilled wisdom of many experienced architects and guide less experienced architects in designing their architectures. However, architectural styles employ qualitative reasoning to motivate when and under what conditions they should be used. In this paper we present the concept of an ABAS (Attribute-Based Architectural Style) which includes a set of components and connectors along with their topology, but which adds to this a quality attribute specific model that provides a method of reasoning about the behavior of component types that interact in the defined pattern. We will define ABASs in this paper, show how they are used, and argue for why this extension to the notion of architectural style is an important step toward creating a true engineering discipline of architectural design.

Deploying Intelligent Tutors on the Web: An Architecture and an Example

Abstract: We describe the conversion of a standalone intelligent tutoring system (ITS) to one that operates on the World Wide Web. First, we focus on one product of this effort, a Web- enabled architecture as extension of a widely-used standalone ITS architecture. The advantages of the architecture we have chosen are discussed. We then describe the specific Web-based ITS that uses this architecture, highlighting features of the tutor for supporting and enhancing problem solving. Both the architecture and many features of the tutor that support students' problem solving activities should be generalizable to other ITSs.

Exploiting ADLs to specify architectural styles induced by middleware infrastructures

Abstract: Architecture definition languages (ADLs) enable the formalization of the architecture of software systems and the execution of preliminary analyses on them. These analyses aim at supporting the identification and solution of design problems in the early stages of software development. We have used ADLs to describe middleware-induced architectural styles. These styles describe the assumptions and constraints that middleware infrastructures impose on the architecture of systems. Our work originates from the belief that the explicit representation of these styles at the architectural level can guide designers in the definition of an architecture compliant with a pre-selected middleware infrastructure, or, conversely can support designers in the identification of the most suitable middleware infrastructure for a specific architecture. In this paper we provide an evaluation of ADLs as to their suitability for defining middleware-induced architectural styles. We identify new requirements for ADLs, and we highlight the importance of existing capabilities. Although our experimentation starts from an attempt to solve a specific problem, the results we have obtained provide general lessons about ADLs, learned from defining the architecture of existing, complex, distributed, running systems.

Using Augmented Reality to Visualise Architecture Designs in an Outdoor Environment

Abstract: This paper presents the use of a wearable computer system to visualise outdoor architectural features using augmented reality. The paper examines the question How does one visualise a design for a building, modification to a building, or extension to an existing building relative to its physical surroundings? The solution presented to this problem is to use a mobile augmented reality platform to visualise the design in spatial context of its final physical surroundings. The paper describes the mobile augmented reality platform TINMITH2 used in the investigation. The operation of the system is described through a detailed example of the system in operation. The system was used to visualise a simple extension to a building on one of the University of South Australia campuses.

The architecture of science

Abstract: How do the spaces in which science is done shape the identity of the scientist and the self-conception of scientific fields? How do the sciences structure the identity of the architect and the practice of architecture in a specific period? And how does the design of spaces such as laboratories, hospitals, and museums affect how the public perceives and interacts with the world of science? The Architecture of Science offers a dazzling set of speculations on these issues by historians of science, architecture, and art; architectural theorists; and sociologists as well as practicing scientists and architects The essays are organized into six sections: "Of Secrecy and Openness: Science and Architecture in Early Modern Europe"; "Displaying and Concealing Technics in the Nineteenth Century"; "Modern Space"; "Is Architecture Science?"; "Princeton after Modernism: The Lewis Thomas Laboratory for Molecular Biology"; and "Centers, Cities, and Colliders"

Toward a useful architecture for climate change negotiations

Abstract: Years of hard bargaining have failed to produce a policy architecture to adequately address the complexities of climate change Very likely, such a structure will have to be sought though improvement of the partial architecture developed to date within the Framework Convention on Climate Change We identify key architectural features that have emerged in the Convention process, and then explore extensions that will be necessary if the current approach is to serve for the long term An important task is to break the deadlock over accession of developing countries To this end we propose further incorporation in the negotiations of concepts of burden sharing according to ability to pay that already seem to be embedded in the Convention The implications of alternative versions of such an approach are illustrated with a set of simple model simulations

Architectural Energetics, Ancient Monuments, and Operations Management

Abstract: Architectural energetics, subsumed within replicative archaeology, provides a means through which buildings are translated into labor-time estimates. To date, the majority of architectural energetics analyses have generated comparative measures of architectural costs, equating these with a vertical structure of political power and authority within and among societies. The present analysis expands the application of architectural energetics by subjecting construction labor costs to an analysis based on concepts central to the Theory of Constraints, which is widely applied in modern operations management. This modeling generates a hypothetical set of behavioral patterns performed by general laborers within a construction project and explicates a method which allows further exploration into the question of labor organization (i.e., allocation and articulation of workers), as well as perhaps other economic organization, in an archaeological context. The case example is Structure 10L-22, a large Mayan palace at the site of Copan, Honduras.

A World History of Architecture

Abstract: CHAPTER 1 THE BEGINNINGS OF ARCHITECTURE - - CHAPTER 2 THE GREEK WORLD - - CHAPTER 3 THE ARCHITECTURE OF ANCIENT INDIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA - - CHAPTER 4 THE TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF CHINA AND JAPAN - - CHAPTER 5 THE ROMAN WORLD - - CHAPTER 6 EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE - - CHAPTER 7 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - - CHAPTER 8 EARLY MEDIEVAL AND ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE - - CHAPTER 9 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE - CHAPTER 10 INDIGENOUS ARCHITECTURE IN THE AMERICAS AND AFRICA - - CHAPTER 11 RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE - - CHAPTER 12 BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE - - CHAPTER 13 NEO-CLASSICISM, ROMANTICISM, AND THE ROCOCO - - CHAPTER 14 ECLECTICISM, INDUSTRIALIZATION, AND NEWNESS - - CHAPTER 15 THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND MODERNISM - - CHAPTER 16 MODERNISMS IN THE MID- AND LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND BEYOND - -

The anaesthetics of architecture

Abstract: In this short, intentionally polemical book, Neil Leach draws on the ideas of philosophers and cultural theorists such as Walter Benjamin and Jean Baudrillard to develop a novel and highly incisive critique of the consequences of the growing preoccupation with images and image-making in contemporary architectural culture.The problem with this preoccupation, Leach argues, is that it can induce a sort of numbness, as the saturation of images floods the senses and obscures deeper concerns. This problem is particularly acute for a discipline such as architecture, which relies heavily on visual representation. As a result, architects can become anaesthetized from the social and political realities of everyday life. In the intoxicating world of the image, the aesthetics of architecture threaten to become the anaesthetics of architecture. In this culture of aesthetic consumption, this "culture of the cocktail," meaningful discourse gives way to strategies of seduction, and architectural design is reduced to the superficial play of empty, seductive forms.

Reconsidering urban design: Thoughts about its definition and status as a field or profession

Abstract: Since its emergence and rise to significance over the fast 30 years urban design has been loosely defined In this regard, its definition can be grouped into categories of being cursory, qualitative and prescriptive, historic, proprietary and process oriented A practical definition, ie with regard to its status as a field, sees urban design as being form‐giving to built environments as a primary activity involving the professions of architecture, landscape architecture and planning In addition, ‘thresholds of scale’ factor into a practical definition whereby interrelationships of building site, neighbourhoods and districts, the city, metro region and ‘corridors’ are building blocks of design intervention Quality of life, the public realm and process are significant aspects of the thresholds of scale

A standard for architecture description

Abstract: A profitable information technology (IT) services organization is dependent on widespread asset harvesting (from previous engagements) and scalable asset deployment (into current and future engagements). This activity demands consistency of terminology and notation in the creation and use of engagement artifacts, including work products. This paper presents a standard for architecture description in which a set of conventions for terminology and notation is used to describe and to express the organization of the architecture for an IT system. This standard, the Architecture Description Standard (ADS), is intended to be used by the IBM architecture community. The emphasis is on a minimal set of shared concepts that can be effectively taught to a broad range of IT architects with different skills and that is usable in practice.

The Birth of Modern London: The Development and Design of the City, 1660-1720

Abstract: This text offers a radical re-assessment of late 17th century architecture and a pioneering investigation of the beginnings of the modern middle class town houses

From Craft to Profession: The Practice of Architecture in Nineteenth-Century America

Abstract: This is the first in-depth study of how the architectural profession emerged in early American history. Mary Woods dispels the prevailing notion that the profession developed under the leadership of men formally schooled in architecture as an art during the late nineteenth century. Instead, she cites several instances in the early 1800s of craftsmen-builders who shifted their identity to that of professional architects. While struggling to survive as designers and supervisors of construction projects, these men organized professional societies and worked for architectural education, appropriate compensation, and accreditation. In such leading architectural practitioners as B. Henry Latrobe, Alexander J. Davis, H. H. Richardson, Louis Sullivan, and Stanford White, Woods sees collaborators, partners, merchandisers, educators, and lobbyists rather than inspired creators. She documents their contributions as well as those, far less familiar, of women architects and people of color in the profession's early days. Woods's extensive research yields a remarkable range of archival materials: correspondence among carpenters; 200-year-old lawsuits; architect-client spats; the organization of craft guilds, apprenticeships, university programs, and correspondence schools; and the structure of architectural practices, labor unions, and the building industry. In presenting a more accurate composite of the architectural profession's history, Woods lays a foundation for reclaiming the profession's past and recasting its future. Her study will appeal not only to architects, but also to historians, sociologists, and readers with an interest in architecture's place in America today.

Memory-based word sense disambiguation

Abstract: We describe a memory-based classification architecture for word sense disambiguation and its application to the SENSEVAL evaluation task. For each ambiguous word, a semantic word expert is automatically trained using a memory-based approach. In each expert, selecting the correct sense of a word in a new context is achieved by finding the closest match to stored examples of this task. Advantages of the approach include (i) fast development time for word experts, (ii) easy and elegant automatic integration of information sources, (iii) use of all available data for training the experts, and (iv) relatively high accuracy with minimal linguistic engineering.

The Architecture of Red Vienna, 1919-1934

Abstract: In this book, Eve Blau looks at how ideological conflict shapedthe buildings of Red Vienna-in terms of their program, spatialconception, language, and use-as well as how political meaning itselfis manifested in architecture.In 1919 the Social Democrat city council of Vienna initiated a radical program of reforms designed to reshape the city's infrastructure along socialist lines. The centerpiece and most enduring achievement of "Red" Vienna was the construction of the Wiener Gemeindebauten, 400 communal housing blocks, distributed throughout the city, in which workers' dwellings were incorporated with kindergartens, libraries, medical clinics, theaters, cooperative stores, and other public facilities. The 64,000 units housed one tenth of the city's population. Throughout this socialist building campaign, however, Austria was ruled by a conservative, clerical, and antisocialist political majority. Thus the architecture of Red Vienna took shape in the midst of highly charged, and often violent, political conflict between left and right. In this book, Eve Blau looks at how that ideological conflict shaped the buildings of Red Vienna-in terms of their program, spatial conception, language, and use-as well as how political meaning itself is manifested in architecture. She shows how the architecture of Red Vienna constructed meaning in relation to the ideological conflicts that defined Austrian politics in the interwar period-how it was shaped by the conditions of its making, and how it engaged its own codes, practices, and history to stake out a political position in relation to those conditions. Her investigation sheds light both on the complex relationship among political program, architectural practice, and urban history in interwar Vienna, and on the process by which architecture can generate a collective discourse that includes all members of society. Published with the assistance of the Getty Grant Program.

On Alberti and the Art of Building

Abstract: A digest of Alberti's architecture which examines a variety of themes such as the relationship between the architect and his patrons, his writings on the visual arts and his practical example, his significance for the extension of architectural theory into practice, and his success in raising the status of architecture to an art.

A History of American Architecture: Buildings in Their Cultural and Technological Context

Abstract: Why did the Victorians drape their buildings in elaborately ornate decoration? Why was the Arts and Crafts movement so popular with the American middle class at the end of the 19th century? Why did Modernism replace traditional architectural styles after World War II? Mark Gelernter provides fresh answers to questions like these, convincingly showing how buildings express powerful cultural forces Embodying deeply felt attitudes about fundamental issues, buildings express our relationship with nature, our social relations with others, the importance of the individual, the value of science and technology, and our political role in the world He explains how designers sometimes expressed these ideas with available building technologies, while at other times they invented new technologies in order to realize new ideas Each of the ten chronological chapters, accompanied by almost 300 photographs, drawings, and maps, begins with a broad survey of the dominant cultural forces and technologies, and then discusses how designers of the day responded with particular architectural forms

Images of fear : how horror stories helped shape modern culture (1818-1918)

Abstract: This text looks at such varied subjects as Victorian architecture, urban crime, women's rights and the impact of new technology in an attempt to understand the peculiar relationship between horror in literature and the horror of daily life.

Evolutionary Architecture: Nature as a Basis for Design

Abstract: EVOLUTION. Nature as a Basis for Design. Principles of Evolutionary Architecture. LESSONS FROM NATURE. Natural Forms. Design Research Experiments. THE ARCHITECTURE. Selected Works. Projects Not Yet Built. A Closing Message from the Author. Bibliography. Chronology--Eugene Tsui. About the Author. Index.

Organization Space: Landscapes, Highways, and Houses in America

Abstract: Bridging the gap between architecture and infrastructure, Easterling views architecture as part of an ecology of interrelationships and linkages, and she treats the expression of organizational character as part of the architectural endeavor. The dominant architectures in our culture of development consist of generic protocols for building offices, airports, houses, and highways. For Keller Easterling these organizational formats are not merely the context of design efforts-they are the design. Bridging the gap between architecture and infrastructure, Easterling views architecture as part of an ecology of interrelationships and linkages, and she treats the expression of organizational character as part of the architectural endeavor. Easterling also makes the case that these organizational formats are improvisational and responsive to circumstantial change, to mistakes, anomalies, and seemingly illogical market forces. By treating these irregularities opportunistically, she offers architects working within the customary development protocols new sites for making and altering space. By showing the reciprocal relations between systems of thinking and modes of designing, Easterling establishes unexpected congruencies between natural and built environments, virtual and physical systems, highway and communication networks, and corporate and spatial organizations. She frames her unconventional notion of site not in terms of singular entities, but in terms of relationships between multiple sites that are both individually and collectively adjustable.

Architecture for a multipurpose guideline execution engine.

Abstract: Integration of guideline knowledge into the clinical workflow is essential, for improving adherence to guidelines. Guidelines in structured formats can be utilized by computer programs to provide decision support in clinical information systems, as well as to facilitate workflow. We have designed an architecture for a flexible guideline execution engine that can be utilized in clinical decision support applications. The engine may be utilized for other applications such as referral management, medical education, and conducting clinical trials. The engine executes guidelines that are defined in an extension of the Guideline Interchange Format (GLIF). GLIF was extended to support representation of constructs that are essential to the execution of the guideline. A prototype of the engine was implemented based on this architecture. The engine is being utilized in two clinical applications that draw on guidelines for decision support. The engine was also used for developing an educational application aimed at testing knowledge of guideline recommendations.

Survival of the Smartest: Managing Information for Rapid Action and World-Class Performance

Abstract: The Quick and the Dead. INFORMATION AGE PRINCIPLES. Information Awareness. Decision Architecture. Internal Knowledge Dissemination. Organizational Focus. Information Age Business Networks. COMPANY CASE STUDIES: GETTING SMARTER. Turbo-Charging The HP Way. Acer's Roller-Coaster into the Information Age. British Petroleum: From Tanker to Speedboat. YOUR TURN. Modex: An IQ Turnaround. Next Steps. Appendix. Notes. Index.