Showing papers on "Bark published in 1973"

Spring Mobilization of Protein Nitrogen in Apple Bark

Abstract: Mobilization of protein nitrogen in the spring was studied in bark of stems of unringed and double stem-ringed apple rootstocks M.7 given different nitrogen treatments. A ready protein hydrolysis occurred; the proteins contributed the greater part of the storage nitrogen exported to the growing parts. Protein hydrolysis was little affected by the supply of newly absorbed nitrogen. Movement of nitrogen out of the bark between the rings could not be demonstrated. Protein breakdown in the isolated bark sections was slightly reduced. Arginine was the predominant amino acid in the proteins of the trees with a high level of storage nitrogen but was not conspicuous in the low-nitrogen trees. The protein composition changed little during hydrolysis. Only the share of arginine in the high-nitrogen trees dropped appreciably. It is suggested that the high-nitrogen trees possess a special storage protein characterized by a high arginine content. Analysis of the nitrogen fraction of isolated bark sections showed that the composition of the soluble nitrogen was characterized by a high level of asparagine and especially of arginine, and was quite different from the composition of the proteins. The data suggest that the asparagine in particular originated largely from transformation of the various amino acids set free during protein hydrolysis.

Extractable Phenols in Clear, Discolored, and Decayed Woody Tissues and Bark of Sugar Maple and Red Maple

Abstract: Ethyl acetate-soluble fractions were prepared from hot both red maple and sugar maple. These phenols were water extracts of 10-g samples of clear, discolored, and absent from discolored and decayed tissue. Total phenols decayed tissue of sugar maple, Acer saccharum, and red in clear red maple woody tissues were the same at the maple, A. rubrum. Extracts were chromatographed in two cambium and at the pith. The processes of discoloration dimension cellulose thin-layer chromatography plates and decay result in decreases in extractable phenols with butanol:acetic acid:water (6:1:2) and 7% acetic confined to clear unaffected tissue. The low level of acid:0.03% sodium acetate. Total phenols were deterphenols in discolored wood may permit the growth of mined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method on methanol decay fungi unable to grow at the phenol concentration extracts of clear red maple tissue. Gallic acid and catechin occurring in clear tissue. were identified as the major phenols in clear tissue of Phytopathology 63:167-169 Additional key words: Fomes connatus, Phialophora melinii, succession of microorganisms. Phenolic compounds have been reported as the results were compared to Eastman gallic acid reagent primary factor in the natural resistance of wood to standards. deterioration (8). They affect the growth of decay Extraction, chromatography, and identification of fungi (7, 9) and canker fungi in culture (5). In living phenolic compounds. -Ten grams of each tissue were sugar maples (Acer saccharum Marsh.), total phenols added to 200 ml of deionized water and autoclaved at decreased significantly from clear to discolored 15 psi for 20 min. Extracts were filtered through tissues, and only trace amounts were found in Whatman No. 40 cellulose paper and extracted with decayed tissues (13). There is also evidence that 100 ml of ethyl acetate by continuous shaking for 1 phenolic compounds in unaffected tissues of living hr. The water layer was then removed in a separatory trees provide a chemical basis for the succession of funnel, acidified to 1 N HCl, and placed in a boiling microorganisms in living trees (9). water bath for 1 hr. The acidified water layer was The objective of this study was to determine the then extracted with ethyl acetate and separated. qualitative and quantitative changes in the extractable Ethyl acetate extracts were concentrated in a phenolic compounds of red and sugar maple as a rotary evaporator to 5 ml at 70-72 C. Portions (20-60 result of the processes of discoloration and decay. We /.diters) of these extracts were chromatographed on studied the extractable phenols in bark, sap, clear, cellulose thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates discolored, and decayed tissues of red and sugar with butanol:acetic acid:water 6:1:2 in the first maple. direction and 7% acetic acid:0.03% sodium acetate in MATERIALS AND METHODS.-Ten sugar maple the second. and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) trees, 8 to 15 cm in After drying at room temperature, the plates were diam, 1.4 m aboveground bearing fruit bodies of examined under ultraviolet light before and after Fomes connatus (Weinm.) Gill., were cut. Logs were exposure to NH 3 and compared to plates with cut transversely through the sporophores and at standard phenols. Unknown and standard plates were 10-cm intervals above and below the sporophores then sprayed with 1% FeC13 , ferric chloride-ferric until the columns of decay and discoloration ended. cyanide, diazotized sulfanilic acid, or diazotized The billets were split radially, and then each section p-nitroaniline (10). Ultraviolet absorption spectra was split longitudinally along the radial face. Samples were determined on spots eluted from the chromatoof a relatively uniform age range (ca. four annual gram with 50% (v/v) ethanol on a Beckman DBGrings) were obtained. recording spectrophotometer. Samples of clear, discolored, and decayed tissues Enzyme extracts in 0.1 M potassium dihydrogen and samples of bark of red and sugar maple were phosphate buffer (pH 7) were prepared from separate ground to pass a 20-mesh screen. Methanol extracts acetone powders of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), were prepared from l-g air-dried samples of each tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and mushtissue (13), total phenols were determined on these room [Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing.], sprayed on extracts by the Folin-Ciocalteu method (4), and the the plates, then incubated overnight in a moist

Dalbergia species. Part IX. Phytochemical examination of Dalbergia stevensonii standl

Abstract: The bark and heartwood of Dalbergia stevensonii have yielded twenty-three natural products of which one, stevenin, is a new neoflavanoid [6-hydroxy-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-7-methoxycoumarin], and two are new racemic isoflavanones. The structures of the extractives have been examined by physical methods and in addition the new compounds have been synthesised. The oxygenation pattern relating the structures of isoflavones, isoflavanones, pterocarpans, and coumestones suggests a common biosynthetic origin.

Constituents of Eupomatia Species. 3. New Eupomatenoid Lignans From the Leaves and Wood of Eupomatia laurina

Abstract: The leaves of Eupomatia laurina R.Br. gave seven substances previously isolated from the bark together with a flavone identified as 3,7,3?- trimethylquercitin, and the new lignans, eupomatenoid-9 and -10, which were shown to be erythro-5-(1?,2?-dihydroxypropyl)-2-(4?-hydroxy-3?- methoxyphenyl)-3-methylbenzofuran and 2-(4?-hydroxy-3?-methoxyphenyl)-3-methylbenzofuran-5-carbaldehyde, respectively. The wood yielded seven substances which also occur in the bark, together with eupomatenoid-11 and -12, and eupodienone-2 and -3. Eupomatenoid-11 was found to be (R)-5-(2?-hydroxypropyl)-2-(3?,4?- methylenedioxyphenyl)-3-methylbenzofuran and eupomatenoid-12 to be the methyl ether of eupomatenoid-7.

Fungistatic action of Juglans.

Abstract: A crude extract of the bark of Juglans regia Linn, tested against 13 species of fungi, showed selective fungistatic action against some species of the dermatophytes tested.

Hemmung einiger Ektoenzyme von Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. durch Holz‐ und Bastextrakte aus Picea abies (Karst.)

Abstract: Inhibition of several ectoenzymes of Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. by wood and bark extracts from Picea abies (Karst.). Methanol soluble extractives of sapwood, heartwood and reaction zone from Norway spruce as well as acetone soluble extractives of spruce bark were tested at a concentration of 0.05 percent for inhibition of Fomes annosus enzymes cellulase, pectinase

Neutral Extractives From Pinus radiata Bark

Abstract: n-Alkanes C13-C34, isoalkanes C15-C19, waxes, docosanol, tetracosanol, (24R)-24-ethylcholest-4-en-3-one, (24R)-24-methylcholest-5-en-3β-ol, (24R)-24-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol (β-sitosterol), (13S)-labda-8(17),14- dien-13β-ol(13-epimanool), C(14a)-homo-27-norgammacer-14-ene-3β,21α- diol (serratenediol), C(14a)-homo-27-norgammacer-14-ene-3β,21β-diol (21-episerratenediol), 3β-hydroxy-C(14a)-homo-27-norgammacer-14-en-21- one, and 3β-methoxy-C(14a)-homo-27-norgammacer-14-en-21 one have been identified in the neutral fraction of the benzene extractives from the bark of Pinus radiata D. Don.

The Chemical Constituents of Australian Zanthoxylum Species. VI. A Further Examination of the Constituents of the Bark of Zanthoxylum conspersipunctatum (Rutaceae)

Abstract: From the bark of Zanthoxylum conspersipunctatum Merr. & Perry the following substances were isolated: chelerythrine and sanguinarine chlorides, 13-acetonyldi-hydrochelerythrine, β-sitosterol, lupeol, lupenone, sesamin, hesperidin, tembamide, O-methyltembamide, cyclotriveratrylene, and psoromic acid. O-Methyltembamide is almost certainly an artefact, as is cyclotriveratrylene, and psoromic acid probably originated from a lichen on the bark.

The distribution of some nitrogenous constituents in the tea plant

Abstract: A survey was made of the various nitrogenous constituents of the tea plant using paper chromatography. The following parts of the plant were examined: leaves, bark and wood of stems and roots, feeder roots and fruits (pericarp and cotyledons). Theanine was present in every organ except the fruit and tended to be the major amino acid of the plant. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid and glutamine also occurred universally and in relatively high concentrations, and serine, alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid, though generally present, occurred in smaller quantities. The wood of stems and roots contained appreciable quantities of a ninhydrinreactive compound which streaked like histidine. Pipecolic acid was present in appreciable quantities only in the fruits. The amino acids of the hot-water-soluble proteins of the various tissues have been determined and certain differences between them were noted.

Wundfäule in Fichtenwaldungen mit alten Schälschäden

Abstract: Wound decays in spruce stands following bark stripping. 2083 trees in 91 sample plots on four trial areas (24 ha) were examined for bark stripping and decay. Only 25% of trees showed no injury. Of the injured trees, 73% showed some degree of decay, 10% discoloration. and 17% neither decay nor discoloration. Of the wood destroying fungi isolated Fomes annosus was dominant and appeared to be the most important and widespread of the wound inhabiting fungi in the test area. Besides the Basidiomycetes a considerable number of other fungi was isolated. The most frequent was Cylindrocarpon cylindroides var. tenue.

Population dynamics of Pythium Irregulare Buis. In container-plant production as influenced by physical structure of media

Abstract: Helleri holly were grown in 100% sand, 50% bark-50% sand, and 100% bark media and inoculated with Pythium irregulaye Buis. Pythium populations were determined at 4, 10 and 17 cm depths at planting date and every two weeks thereafter. After 7 weeks fresh weight of plants and populations of bacteria, actinomycetes, and total fungi were determined. P. irregulare was highest at the 4 and 10 cm depths, with bark media reaching their highest Pythium levels 4 weeks after inoculation. Pythium peaked in 100% sand 6 weeks after inoculation and declined thereafter.

Process for removing bark from wood chips

Abstract: A process to remove the bark from wood chips by breaking the bond between the bark and wood fractions followed by segregation of the bark particles from the clean wood chips. The process includes the steps of: steaming the wood chip mass to weaken the bark-wood bond and render the bark tacky; mechanically compressing the chips to partially break the bond between the bark and wood and to break a portion of the bark fraction into smaller particles; removing these particles, some of which adhere to the compressing medium, from further processing; subjecting the partially beneficiated chips to unique abrasion or milling processes to fragmentize the remaining bark; and segregating the resulting clean wood chips from the fragmented bark. The sequence of steps may be varied and the bark is removed from processing at different stages.

The bacterial and fungal flora of the bark, wood, and pith of alder, black cottonwood, maple, and willow

Abstract: The occurrence and distribution of symbiotic cauloplane organisms on dormant cuttings of 1- to 2-year-old stems of alder, black cottonwood, maple, and willow were determined from tissue samples removed to 2% malt extract and nutrient broth agars, and from scanning electron micrographs of the bark surfaces. Fungal and bacterial symbionts were found to be confined to the bark surfaces, where their occurrence was related to the surface topography. Inner bark, wood, and pith were virtually aseptic.