Showing papers on "Big Five personality traits published in 1991"

The big five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta-analysis

Abstract: This study investigated the relation of the “Big Five” personality dimensions (Extraversion, Emotional Stability, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience) to three job performance criteria (job proficiency, training proficiency, and personnel data) for five occupational groups (professionals, police, managers, sales, and skilled/semi-skilled). Results indicated that one dimension of personality, Conscientiousness, showed consistent relations with all job performance criteria for all occupational groups. For the remaining personality dimensions, the estimated true score correlations varied by occupational group and criterion type. Extraversion was a valid predictor for two occupations involving social interaction, managers and sales (across criterion types). Also, both Openness to Experience and Extraversion were valid predictors of the training proficiency criterion (across occupations). Other personality dimensions were also found to be valid predictors for some occupations and some criterion types, but the magnitude of the estimated true score correlations was small (ρ < .10). Overall, the results illustrate the benefits of using the 5-factor model of personality to accumulate and communicate empirical findings. The findings have numerous implications for research and practice in personnel psychology, especially in the subfields of personnel selection, training and development, and performance appraisal.

Adding Liebe und Arbeit: The Full Five-Factor Model and Well-Being

Abstract: Neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to experience have been shown to have systematic effects on psychological well being. The remaining dimensions in the five-factor model of personality-agreeableness and conscientiouness-may also contribute to increased life satisfaction and happiness. Self-reports and spouse ratings on the NEO Personality Inventory, a measure of the five factors, were correlated with three measures of psychological well-being in a sample of 429 adult men and women. Consistent with previous rescarch, neuroticism was negatively, and extraversion was positively, related to well-being. Both agreeableness and conscientiousness were also significant independent predictors. Personality dispositions appear to have temperamental, experiential, and instrumental effects on psychological well-being.

Psychobiology of personality

Abstract: 1. Basic dimensions of personality 2. Consistency of personality 3. Behaviour genetics and personality traits 4. Neuropsychology 5. Psychopharmacology 6. Psychophysiology 7. Learning 8. Anxiety disorders 9. Antisocial personality and other disinhibitory disorders 10. Measures and models, problems and progress References Figure captions.

Associations between Major Domains of Personality and Health Behavior

Abstract: Broad personality traits may be important predictors of health behavior patterns. Two studies are reported which examined the associations between five major personality dimensions and four major health behavior dimensions. Prior associations between health behaviors and neurotic and extraverted personality tendencies generally were replicated. However, Conscientiousness and Agreeableness, two domains of personality that have received little research attention, emerged as important personality predictors of health behaviors. The results indicate that personality is a reliable predictor of health behavior patterns. It is suggested that the importance of personality has been underestimated in past research by the failure to consider appropriate health behavior criteria and the omission of important personality dimensions, such as Conscientiousness and Agreeableness, when studying health behavior patterns.

Personality as a Vulnerability Factor to Depression

Abstract: One hundred and forty non-depressed primiparous women in a stable relationship completed two personality measures (the EPI and the IPSM) antenatally, and were then assessed for depression at several times post-natally. The risk of depression at six months was increased up to tenfold by high interpersonal sensitivity and threefold by high neuroticism. When previously depressed women were excluded from analyses, high interpersonal sensitivity and, to a lesser extent, high neuroticism were still associated with an increased risk of being depressed. Interpersonal sensitivity, as measured, is suggested as a refined personality risk factor to both the onset and recurrence of depression.

The Psychotherapeutic Utility of the Five-Factor Model of Personality: A Clinician's Experience

Abstract: This article summarizes experience using the five-factor model of personality, operationalized by the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI), to facilitate psychotherapy treatment with 119 private-practice, outpatient, psychotherapy patients and their family members over a period of 2 years Trait theories such as the five-factor model implicitly challenge the premises of much clinical theory, yet they can be useful to clinicians, as they provide a detailed, accurate portrait of the client's needs, feelings, proximate motives, and interpersonal style I suggest that: Neuroticism (N) influences the intensity and duration of the patient's distress, Extraversion (E) influences the patient's enthusiasm for treatment, Openness (O) influences the patient's reactions to the therapist's interventions, Agreeableness (A) influences the patient's reaction to the person of the therapist, and Conscientiousness (C) influences the patient's willingness to do the work of psychotherapy Fundamental questions raised by the five-factor model about the nature of psychopathology and psychotherapy are discussed

The NEO Personality Inventory: Using the Five‐Factor ModeI in Counseling

Abstract: Personality psychologists have recently concluded that five major dimensions account for most individual differences in personality traits. The NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) is a concise measure of this Five-Factor Model and of some of the important traits that define the factors. Characteristics of the test, features for administration and scoring, and studies of reliability, stability, and validity are summarized. The NEO-PI may be particularly appropriate for use in counseling because it is brief, nonpsychopathological in content, and sensitive to client strengths as well as weaknesses. We suggest several ways in which the counselor can learn how to use the NEO-PI effectively.

The five-factor model and its assessment in clinical settings.

Abstract: Personality researchers have recently converged on the five-factor model as an adequate representation of the structure of personality traits. This article introduces the factors and the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI), a questionnaire designed to measure the factors and some of the traits that define them. Data on the comprehensiveness of the model and on the reliability, validity, and stability of measures of the factors are reviewed, and correlations between scales from the NEO-PI and two instruments widely used in clinical practice (the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory [MMPI] and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory [MCMI]) are used to illustrate similarities and differences between normal and clinical assessment. Some issues regarding the clinical use of the five-factor model are discussed.

Effect of Personality Disorders on Outcome of Treatment

Abstract: Although many clinicians have long believed that personality pathology may interfere with the effectiveness of treatment of axis I disorders, until recently there were no empirical studies on the subject. This report reviews the recent literature with regard to the following questions: a) Does personality pathology predict negative outcome of treatment for axis I disorders? b) If so, are there specific personality traits or disorders that account for such a negative outcome? The literature review reveals a robust finding that patients with personality pathology have a poorer response to treatment of axis I disorders than those without such pathology. Specific axis I disorders reported on include DSM-III major depression, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Both inpatients and outpatients have been studied. There is too little literature to determine whether certain pathological personality traits are especially important, but there is enough to provide methodological guidance for future studies. Such studies should use standardized measures of personality and outcome, should match personality and nonpersonality groups on severity of the axis I disorder, and should be certain that axis I diagnoses are not confounded by axis II symptoms.

Motivation and academic achievement: the effects of personality traits and the quality of experience.

Abstract: The present study examined the relationship of personality, experience while studying, and academic performance. One hundred and seventy talented highschool students (68 males, 102 females) completed the Personality Research Form (PRF) and recorded their experience via the Experience Sampling Method (ESM). The results showed that controlling for ability, work orientation, a PRF factor, was a better predictor of grade than experience. However, an experiential variable, intrinsic motivation while studying, was related to the difficulty level of courses students took over the 4 years in high school. The results supported the notion that there are two kinds of motivation in scholastic achievement, one directed toward long-term goals, the other directed toward ongoing experience.

A geometric taxonomy of personality scales

Abstract: Previous taxonomies of personality traits have been lexical in nature and have been concerned primarily with the meaning of adjectives in personality description. The taxonomy presented in this article employed personality scales as the units to be classified and was guided by theoretical, rather than lexical, considerations. A priori distinctions among different domains of trait-descriptive terms identified a distinctive domain of interpersonal traits within which a preliminary conceptually-based taxonomy was developed. The Interpersonal Adjective Scales (IAS) were constructed to provide geometrically precise semantic markers of that domain in the form of a circumplex model organized around the orthogonal coordinates of dominance and nurturance. In the course of a decade of research, some 172 personality scales were classified with reference to the IAS by computational procedures described in detail. Advantages and limitations of the current geometric taxonomy of personality scales are discussed, and future research directions are indicated.

The influence of the family environment on personality accounting for sibling differences

Abstract: Findings from behavioral genetics indicate that environment affects personality but that siblings are not alike. This has been interpreted as challenging the idea that child rearing and family events are important. Research from behavioral genetics and developmental psychology is reviewed

Conflict in married couples: personality predictors of anger and upset.

Abstract: This research had two central goals: to examine the role of personality in (a) performing actions that anger spouses, and (b) eliciting anger- provoking actions from spouses. Personality data on a sample of married persons {N = 214) were obtained from three sources—self-report, spouse- observer report, and independent interviewers' reports. In a separate session, subjects recorded which of 147 upsetting actions their spouses had performed in the past year. A series of hierarchical multiple regressions revealed the effects of Surgency, Agreeableness, Conscietitiousness, Emotional Stability, and Intellect on evoking upset in spouses through condescetision (e.g., treating spouse as stupid or inferior), possessiveness (demanding too much time and attention), abuse (slapping spouse), unfaithfulness (having sex with others), inconsiderateness (leaving toilet seat up), moodiness (crying a lot), alcohol abuse (drinking too much alcohol), emotional constriction (hiding emotions to act tough), and self-centeredness (acting selfishly). Discussion of this research focuses oti the implications of personality for cotiflict in marital relationships.

Adjective Check List Scales and the Five-Factor Model

Abstract: Correlations of Adjective Check List (ACL; Gough & Heilbrun, 1965, 1983) scales with measures of the five-factor model of personality provide a basis for reinterpreting ealier studies and construing new ACL scales in terms of a common conceptual framework

Psychological determinants of health and performance: the tangled web of desirable and undesirable characteristics.

Abstract: Correlations were determined for male (n = 225) and female (n = 242) college students between sets of undesirable personality traits (anxiety, stress reactivity, anger, and alienation) and desirable personality traits (instrumentality, achievement strivings, and optimism measured by the Scheier-Carver [1987] Life Orientation Test), and a series of outcome variables related to health (self-reported health complaints and health maintenance behaviors and beliefs) and academic performance (academic expectations and actual grade point average). Significant correlations were found between many of the personality variables and the outcome variables. However, partial correlations revealed different relationships for the various criteria. With other variables held constant, health complaints were related to several undesirable characteristics, whereas health maintenance behaviors and beliefs were related to several desirable attributes. Only achievement strivings made an independent contribution in both sexes to the 2 measures of academic performance. The theoretical and methodological wisdom of using measures of multiple personality constructs and outcome variables is discussed.

Perceived fraudulence in young adults: is there an "imposter syndrome"?

Abstract: This investigation consists of two studies designed to examine perceived fraudulence, its measurement, and the personality traits associated with the experience in young adults. For Study 1, the Perceived Fraudulence Scale (PFS), a new measure constructed for this study, was administered to a sample of 50 college undergraduates, along with several other self-report measures; a semistructured interview and thought-listing exercise were added to provide convergent assessments of perceived fraudulence. Correlational patterns and regression analyses supported the investigators' conceptualization of perceived fraudulence as involving a combination of fraudulent ideation, depressive tendencies, self-criticism, social anxiety, achievement pressures, and self-monitoring skills. Study 2, in which 100 college undergraduates completed several personality questionnaires, replicated the factor structure of the PFS and provided some evidence for the discriminant validity of the construct of perceived fraudulence.

Predicting personality and behavior: a boundary on the acquaintanceship effect.

Abstract: Recent research has shown that interjudge agreement in personality ratings increases with acquaintanceship. The present study sought to replicate and extend this finding by investigating the relation between acquaintanceship and behavioral prediction. A total of 138 undergraduate targets were videotaped while interacting with an opposite-sex partner in 3 situations. The targets also completed 5 personality measures. Results indicated that acquaintances' judgments predicted personality scores much better than did strangers' judgments, but acquaintances' and strangers' judgments did equally well at predicting behavior. Implications for research on the accuracy of personality judgments are discussed. As acquaintances observe and interact with each other over time and across situations, they often feel they have acquired a valid basis for judging each other's personalities. Many psychologists, however, are not so comfortable with the lay assumption of accuracy (Funder, in press) and have severe doubts about the validity of human judgment (Ross, 1977). They point out that there is no perfect criterion for evaluating the accuracy of personality judgment. This observation raises the question of how one might examine empirically the relationship between acquaintanceship and judgmental accuracy. Cronbach and Meehl (1955), writing some years ago about the construct validity of psychological tests, suggested that people can become convinced that a test validry measures a construct by its pattern of relationships with a number of, always imperfect, criteria—in their words, by establishing a "nomological network." The premise of our research is that the accuracy of personality judgments can be ascertained in a similar manner (Funder, 1987). The validation of personality judgments is similar to the process of establishing construct validity for psychological tests because exactly the same considerations underlie both. A critical task for studying accuracy, as for establishing construct validity, is to select the best possible criteria while being cognizant of their unique limitations.

Pilot Personality and Crew Coordination: Implications for Training and Selection

Abstract: It is contended that past failures to find linkages between performance and personality were due to a combination of premature performance evaluation, inadequate statistical modeling, and/or the reliance on data gathered in contrived as opposed to realistic situations. The goal of the research presented is to isolate subgroups of pilots along performance-related personality dimensions and to document limits on the impact of crew coordination training between the groups. Three different profiles were identified through cluster analysis of personality scales that replicated across samples and predicted attitude change following training in crew coordination.

Personality, problem drinking, and drunk driving: mediating, moderating, and direct-effect models.

Abstract: Three different general explanations of the effect of personality on problems from drinking alcohol were investigated. One general explanation involved mediating effects. The 2nd explanation involved direct effects of personality. The 3rd general personality process held that alcohol consumption and personality interact as moderating effects on drinking problems. Results provided support for each of the 3 general explanations of personality effects, although certain effects were found primarily for only 2 of the 6 personality constructs investigated (sensation seeking and cognitive motivation). These findings helped delimit the personality processes associated with drinking problems and demonstrated the viability of several specific processes that go beyond traditional assumptions about personality and problem drinking.

Personality Types, Learning Styles, and Educational Goals.

Abstract: Attempts to broaden conceptions of learning styles to represent more adequately individual differences in motivation/emotion, as well as cognition, are limited by a paucity of relevant theory. Personality theories should, but do not, provide a satisfactory conceptual framework for this endeavour. In an attempt to remedy this situation, a new personality typology is outlined which, it is argued, provides a coherent system within which to construe and conduct research upon learning styles. The implications of the theory for educational goals, couched in terms of learning styles, also are discussed.