Showing papers on "Brine published in 1998"

Steady-State Analysis of the Multiple Effect Evaporation Desalination Process

Abstract: desalting system. The algorithm consists of 10 calculation blocks and 6 logical blocks. The algorithm is implemented using L-A-S computer aided language. Results show that the heat transfer coefficients increase with the boiling temperature. Also, the heat transfer coefficient in the evaporator is always higher than that in the feed preheater at the same boiling temperature. The plant thermal performance ratio is nearly independent of the top brine temperature and strongly related to the number of effects. The specific heat transfer area increases by raising the number of effects and reducing the top brine temperature. The effect of the top brine temperature on the specific heat transfer area is more pronounced with a larger number of effects. The required specific heat transfer areas at a top brine temperature of 100 ∞C are 30.3% and 26% of that required at 60 ∞C when the number of effects are 6 and 12, respectively. The specific flow rate of cooling water is nearly constant at different values of top brine temperature and tapers off at a high rate as the number of effects is increased. Two correlations are developed to relate the heat transfer coefficients in the preheater and the evaporator to the boiling temperature. Design correlations are also developed to describe variations in the plant thermal performance, the specific heat transfer area, and the specific flow rate of cooling water in terms of the top brine temperature and the number of effects.

Air conditioner for automobile

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To enhance a safety that a possibility of an explosion in a car interior is low even if a refrigerant leaks out by a collision accident etc., by using hydrocarbon as the refrigerant, disposing a refrigerating cycle having an evaporator and a condenser on the lower side outside the car and circulating a brine between the evaporator and a heat exchanger in the car interior. SOLUTION: A heat exchanger 2 having a condenser function and a heat exchanger 5 having an evaporator function carry out a heat exchange of a refrigerant using a hydrocarbon and a brine (water), and the brine is circulated between a heat exchanger 10 outside the car and a heat exchanger 11 for cooling the car interior. Further, all of a compressor 1 through which an inflammable hydrocarbon passes, the heat exchanger 2 having the condenser function, the heat exchanger 5 having the evaporator function and a refrigerant piping 20 are separated from the car interior and disposed at a position that a lower portion outside the car is not covered and a vent hole to a road surface exists. On the other hand, the heat exchanger for cooling the car interior is disposed in the car interior and the car interior is cooled by circulating the brine. Thereby, a danger of causing explosion is small even if the refrigerant leaks out by collision, etc. COPYRIGHT: (C)1999,JPO

A Model for Deep Geothermal Brines,III: Thermodynamic Properties – Enthalpy and Viscosity

Abstract: This paper, the third in our sequence on a model geothermal brine based on a H2O-NaCl system, proposes correlations for the thermodynamic properties of specific enthalpy and dynamic viscosity of brine. It follows a similar pattern to the second paper on the density correlations, that is formulae which closely approximate the specific enthalpy and dynamic viscosity are given in terms of the primary variables T (temperature), p (pressure) and X (mass fraction of sodium chloride). These correlations cover the entire T-p-X state-space and together with the density correlations, can be used in subroutines suitable for use in numerical simulation programs.

Immersion chilling and freezing in aqueous refrigerating media: review and future trends

Abstract: Immersion contact chilling and freezing (ICF) in aqueous refrigerating media consists of soaking foodstuffs in a cooled aqueous solution. Binary brine solutions (sodium chloride, calcium chloride) are usually used, and less frequently, ternary or more complex solutions, e.g. water+salt+ethanol or water+sugars, are used. The advantages claimed for ICF include shorter processing times, consequent energy savings and better food quality. This freezing technique nevertheless has a limited range of application as it is not yet fully developed, in particular because of the problem of uncontrolled penetration of solutes into the food material. Recent advances in the ICF process involve a detailed understanding of multicomponent mass transfer during soaking processes and solution properties at low temperatures. These advances should be of practical benefit, opening the way for new applications in the chilled and frozen food sector. The present paper comprehensively reviews the current state of the art and analyses new prospects for the ICF process.

Well drilling and servicing fluids and methods of increasing the low shear rate viscosity thereof

Abstract: A well drilling and servicing fluid comprising a brine having dissolved therein a formate salt selected from the group consisting of potassium formate, cesium formate, and mixtures thereof, a biopolymer viscosifier, and a pre-gelatinized amylopectin derivative, and optionally a bridging agent and magnesium oxide. The amylopectin starch derivative is a crosslinked amylopectin starch (waxy) which has been crosslinked to the extent that the viscosity of an aqueous amylopectin starch suspension undergoing crosslinking is within about 25% to about 60%, preferably from about 25% to less than about 50%, of the maximum viscosity which can be obtained, and gelatinized. A process of increasing the low shear rate viscosity at ambient temperatures of the aqueous formate brine which comprises adding to the brine a biopolymer and the pre- gelatinized crosslinked amylopectin starch in amounts such that they interact to synergistically increase the low shear rate viscosity of the brine.

Heat pump/engine system and a method for utilizing same

Abstract: The invention provides a heat pump/engine system having a water/brine flash evaporator (2) in fluid communication with a first air/brine heat exchanger (10), a brine condenser (20) in fluid communication with a second air/brine heat exchanger (26), and a vapor compressor/turbine (16) connected on a fluid conduit (14) leading from the flash evaporator to the brine condensor Heat/pump methods are also provided herein

The development of layering, fluxes through double‐diffusive interfaces, and location of hydrothermal sources of brines in the Atlantis II Deep: Red Sea

Abstract: The brines in the Atlantis II Deep of the Red Sea occur in horizontally uniform, well-mixed layers, with the hottest and saltiest water at the bottom, separated from the successively cooler and fresher layers above by very sharp vertical temperature and salinity gradients. Data acccumulated over 3 decades are used to test the widely accepted hypothesis that all heat and salt for the brine layers are supplied from below and that the layered brine structure is the result of double diffusion. Using the changes in temperature and salinity in each layer over successive time intervals, one can deduce the corresponding fluxes of heat and salt across the interfaces. It is found that the required flux of salt cannot be sustained by double diffusion alone. An alternative calculation shows that most of the salt in the successively forming upper layers must have been injected directly from the bottom of the deep through one or more vents located above the level of the lowest brine interface. For the bottom layer, however, it is not possible to obtain the observed salinity and temperature changes unless hot saline water is injected directly into that layer and some of the heat and a smaller fraction of the salt are transferred upward through the interface. This process will also maintain convection in each of the layers and keep them well mixed, as is observed. The new interpretation in terms of separate inputs at various levels in the Atlantis II Deep is also supported by recent geochemical evidence.

Vehicle air conditioner

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a vehicular air conditioner which solves an environmental problem, secures safety, and has an improved heating power in a automobile having a high efficient engine when an outdoor air temperature is low. SOLUTION: In a can room, an indoor radiator 35 heating air in the car room and an indoor cooler 37 cooling the air in the car room are provided. Out of the car room a refrigerant circuit acting as a heat pump by a refrigerant is provided. The refrigerant circuit comprises a compressor 11 compressing the refrigerant, a heat radiating brine heat exchanger 13 cooling the compressed refrigerant with brine, an auxiliary brine heat exchanger 17 which heats the refrigerant during a heating operation and cools it during a cooling operation with the brine, and a cooling brine heat exchanger 21 heating the refrigerant with the brine. Heat is exchanged through the brine respectively both between the indoor radiator 35 and the heat radiating brine heat exchanger 13 and between the indoor cooler 37 and the cooling brine heat exchanger 21. COPYRIGHT: (C)1999,JPO

Process and system for recovering glycol from glycol/brine streams

Abstract: A process and a system is disclosed for recovering glycol from glycol and brine mixtures produced from oil or natural gas wells that combines energy efficiency with a capability for handling salt and other solids contained in the mixture. The system comprises three effect evaporator systems in series. Each effect evaporator system comprises an evaporator, a separator vessel, product pumps, and a solids removal system. The process utilizes the system to remove salt and other solids as well as excess water leaving a glycol stream that can be reused as a hydrate inhibitor. The process begins by preheating a glycol/brine stream comprising approximately fifty percent (50%) glycol. The stream is then subjected to three evaporation cycles. The first evaporation cycle comprises introducing the preheated stream into a suppressed boiling point evaporator where the stream is heated under a constant pressure. The stream pressure is then dropped to cause a portion of the water contained in the stream to vaporize or flash. The flashing stream is then introduced into a separator vessel where the water vapor is separated from the remaining liquid stream. The water vapor is removed from the separator and condensed. The remaining liquid glycol/brine stream is then pumped from the separator vessel through a solids removal system where precipitated salts and solids are removed. These steps are repeated two additional times. Each time the remaining liquid stream becomes more concentrated with glycol until the finished product is approximately ninety percent (90%) glycol.

Carboxylate-based well bore treatment fluids

Abstract: This invention relates to novel compositions and methods whereby a carboxylate based brine solution is used in drilling and/or well bore treating operations to inhibit corrosion of fluid handling equipment. In one embodiment of the invention the carboxylate based brine solution consists of a carboxylate salt dissolved in water. This brine solution is used to prepare halide-free drilling fluids. Use of halide-free drilling fluids inhibits corrosion stainless steel surfaces of fluid handling equipment. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention a mixed salt brine containing a carboxylate salt and a halide salt is provided for use in a drilling and/or well bore treating operations.

Brine transport in porous media : on the use of Von Mises and similarity transformations

Abstract: In this paper we use a Von Mises transformation to study brine transport in porous media. The model involves mass balance equations for fluid and salt, Darcy's law and an equation of state, relating the salt mass fraction to the fluid density. Application of the Von Mises transformation recasts the model equations into a single nonlinear diffusion equation. A further reduction is possible if the problem admits similarity. This yields a formulation in terms of a boundary value problem for an ordinary differential equation which can be treated by semi‐analytical means. Three specific similarity problems are considered in detail: (i) one‐dimensional, stable displacement of fresh water and brine in a porous column, (ii) flow of fresh water along the surface of a salt rock, (iii) mixing of parallel layers of brine and fresh water.

Process for preparing ice substitutes

Abstract: A process of freezing a belt (46) of encapsulated ice substitute is provided. The process for freezing the ice substitute belt generally includes the steps of preparing a capsule belt (46) with a plurality of capsules (48), each capsule containing a thermal controlling agent which is a liquid in a predetermined temperature range; preparing a brine (12) including a cruciferous oil, salts and a glycol and cooling the brine; feeding the belt into an apparatus (11) which contains the cooled brine and passing the belt through the brine, adjusting the speed to the extent sufficient for the thermal controlling agent to become solidified. The travelling speed of the ice substitute belt is adjusted depending on the composition of the thermal controlling agent.

Can Ozone and Ozone Oxidative By-Products Be Formed During the Electrolysis of Salt Brine?

Abstract: Salt brine electrolysis systems produce a solution that can contain up to 400 mg/L free available chlorine (FAC). These systems are very appealing to small utilities. The scientific literature contains numerous reports from utilities using electrolysis systems citing enhanced microbiological kill rates and lower THM levels than normally would be expected by disinfection with FAC alone. Researchers have speculated that the presence of minority oxidant species (ozone and/or chlorine dioxide) are responsible for the observed increased disinfection capability of salt brine electrolysis systems. If strong oxidants such as ozone and chlorine dioxide are present in electrolysis cell liquors, the chemical reactions that can occur are complicated both thermodynamically and kinetically. This paper describes analytical methods developed to identify reactive species and potential interferences in salt brine electrolysis cell anode liquors.

Sulphydryl acid and imidazoline salts as inhibitors of carbon corrosion of iron and ferrous metals

Abstract: The invention concerns inhibitor compositions based on fatty sulphydryl acid and poly(ethyleneamino)imidazoline salts for considerably reducing the corrosive effect of carbon brine on iron and ferrous metals. These compositions are as efficient when the corrosive medium is driven with high flowrate and in biphasic brine/oil medium.

Hydrothermal oxidation of organic compounds with heterogenous neutralizing reagent

Abstract: A process for hot or supercritical water oxidative decomposition of wastes, particularly halogenated organic compounds, is described. The process employs a heterogeneous reagent which accelerates the decomposition and is effective to neutralize acidic byproducts. The reagent is maintained in suspension throughout the reaction by operating at conditions of temperature and pressure at which the heterogeneous reagent is largely or fully insoluble in water, and preferably at which liquid water is not present. Production of potentially corrosive brine is also minimized by operating at conditions under which sodium chloride is insoluble.

Ice storage device

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To prevent freezing in a cold water flow passage in an ice storage device making use of the heat source of an existing ice storage device by providing a preheater to heat the cold water flowing from an ice storage tank to a supercooler wt the sensible heat of the liquid refrigerant in a refrigerating machine. SOLUTION: The cold water of 0 deg.C stored in an ice thermal storage tank 9 is supplied to a preheater 19 through a cold water circulation pump 17. The cold water heater to 0.5 deg.C by the preheater 19 is supplied to a supercooler 5. In the supercooler 5, the cold water of 0.5 deg.C is cooled in the supercooled condition of -2 deg.C by the brine of -6 deg.C. After the temperature rises to -3 deg.C, the brine is carried to an evaporator 21 by a brine circulation pump 30, and cooled to -6 deg.C by the evaporator 21, and again, supplied to the supercooler 5. The supercooled water generated in the supercooler 5 is released from its supercooled condition in a supercooling relieving tank 7 to generate the sherbet- like ice water. The sherbet-like ice water is stored in the ice storage tank 9 through an ice water flow passage 64.

Method and apparatus for using potassium chloride in a water softener

Abstract: A water softener and a method of operating the same are provided to allow for the efficient use of either NaCI or KCI as the regenerant salt. A user interface is provided to allow the user to indicate to the computer controlling the water softener whether NaCI or KCI is being used. The computer controller adjusts the fill time and brine time, depending on the type of regenerant salt used and on the temperature of the brine.

Supersaline and metal-rich brine obtained from the Quaternary Kakkonda Granite by NEDO WD-1a in the Kakkonda geothermal field, Japan

Abstract: A supersaline, metal-rich brine (ca. 40 weight% total chloride salt) was extracted from 3708 m depth of well WD-1a in the Kakkonda Granite by reverse circulation after a standing time about 196 hours. The estimated borehole temperature exceeds 500 °C near the bottom. Tritium content and the relationship between δD and δ18O show that the injected borehole fluid (river water) evidently mixed with an isotopically heavy and ancient fluid. The phase analysis showed that a gas phase separated from a brine and that a brine concentrated in the borehole as the borehole temperature recovered after cooling by drilling fluids. We think the original fluid was trapped in the Kakkonda Granite and mixed with the borehole fluid through fine fractures induced by thermal stress.

単色化x線源を用いるエネルギー分散型蛍光x線による微量リン,硫黄,塩素,臭素及びヨウ素の迅速定量

Abstract: 分光結晶により単色化したX線源を用いるエネルギー分散型蛍光X線分析法を,リン,硫黄,塩素,臭素及びヨウ素の直接迅速定量に応用した.単色化X線源を用いることにより,検出下限として,リン,硫黄,塩素(Cr-Kα:5.41),臭素(Mo-Kα:17.44)及びヨウ素(W-連続線:40keV)において,それぞれ4.6,1.7,0.7,0.09及び0.51μgg-1が得られた.再現性も相対標準偏差0.9～1.3%と良好であった.石油標準試料中の硫黄の定量に応用した結果,保証値と良い一致を示した.又,海水中の臭素,かん水中の臭素及びヨウ素の定量に応用したところ,分析値はイオンクロマトグラフ法と良い一致を示した.

Process for producing sodium carbonate from trona ore

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the production of sodium carbonate monohydrate crystals from uncalcined trona ore. The process include contacting trona ore with a saturated sodium carbonate solution at a temperature of at least about 117° C. to form a brine solution comprising anhydrous sodium carbonate crystals. The temperature of the brine solution is reduced to form sodium carbonate monohydrate crystals and the crystals are separated from the brine solution. The process can include maintaining the concentration of bicarbonate in the brine solution at a low level to promote the formation of only anhydrous sodium carbonate at temperatures above about 117° C. and to promote the formation of sodium carbonate monohydrate at temperatures below about 109° C.

Novel carboxylate-based well bore treatment fluids

Abstract: This invention relates to novel compositions and methods whereby a carboxylate based brine solution is used in drilling and/or well bore treating operations to inhibit corrosion of fluid handling equipment. In one embodiment of the invention the carboxylate based brine solution consists of a carboxylate salt dissolved in water. This brine solution is used to prepare halide-free drilling fluids. Use of halide-free drilling fluids inhibits corrosion stainless steel surfaces of fluid handling equipment. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention a mixed salt brine containing a carboxylate salt and a halide salt is provided for use in a drilling and/or well bore treating operations.