Showing papers on "East Asia published in 2002"
Book•
01 Jun 2002
TL;DR: The promise of global institutions broken promises freedom to choose, the East Asia crisis - how IMF policies brought the world to the verge of a global meltdown who lost Russia? unfair trade laws and other better roads to the market the IMF's other agenda the way ahead.
Abstract: The promise of global institutions broken promises freedom to choose? the East Asia crisis - how IMF policies brought the world to the verge of a global meltdown who lost Russia? unfair trade laws and other mischief better roads to the market the IMF's other agenda the way ahead.
6,541 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: Recently, Iwabuchi et al. as discussed by the authors have conducted extensive interviews with producers, promoters, and consumers of Japanese popular culture in Japan and East Asia to understand how Japanese popular music and television dramas are promoted and understood in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore, and how "Asian" popular culture is received in Japan.
Abstract: Globalization is usually thought of as the worldwide spread of Western—particularly American—popular culture. Yet if one nation stands out in the dissemination of pop culture in East and Southeast Asia, it is Japan. Pokemon, anime, pop music, television dramas such as Tokyo Love Story and Long Vacation —the export of Japanese media and culture is big business. In Recentering Globalization, Koichi Iwabuchi explores how Japanese popular culture circulates in Asia. He situates the rise of Japan’s cultural power in light of decentering globalization processes and demonstrates how Japan’s extensive cultural interactions with the other parts of Asia complicate its sense of being "in but above" or "similar but superior to" the region.
Iwabuchi has conducted extensive interviews with producers, promoters, and consumers of popular culture in Japan and East Asia. Drawing upon this research, he analyzes Japan’s "localizing" strategy of repackaging Western pop culture for Asian consumption and the ways Japanese popular culture arouses regional cultural resonances. He considers how transnational cultural flows are experienced differently in various geographic areas by looking at bilateral cultural flows in East Asia. He shows how Japanese popular music and television dramas are promoted and understood in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore, and how "Asian" popular culture (especially Hong Kong’s) is received in Japan.
Rich in empirical detail and theoretical insight, Recentering Globalization is a significant contribution to thinking about cultural globalization and transnationalism, particularly in the context of East Asian cultural studies.
704 citations
TL;DR: Differences emerged against a background of similar reasoning tendencies across cultures in the absence of conflict between formal and intuitive strategies.
434 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Steppe Highway and the rise of pastoral nomadism as a Eurasian phenomenon are discussed. But the authors focus on the early Chinese perceptions of northern peoples.
Abstract: Introduction Part I: 1. The Steppe Highway: the rise of pastoral nomadism as a Eurasian phenomenon 2. Bronze, iron and gold: the evolution of nomadic cultures on the northern frontier of China Part II: 3. Beasts and birds: the historical context of early Chinese perceptions of northern peoples 4. Walls and horses: the beginning of historical contacts between horse-riding Nomads and Chinese states Part III: 5. Those who draw the bow: the rise of the Hsiung-nu Nomadic Empire and the political unification of the Nomads 6. From peace to war: China's shift from appeasement to military engagement Part IV: 7. In search of grass and water: ethnography and history of the North in the Historian's Records 8. Taming the North: the rationalization of the nomads in Ssu-ma Ch'ien's historical thought Conclusion.
399 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the combined effect of such key developments such as an increase in regionalization; the success of other regional organizations and arrangements such as the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA); the now-apparent limitations of the ASEAN itself, as well as the overall prospects for its future development are the main obstacles that arise from the many differences among the countries of East Asia.
Abstract: Over the last few years the institutionalization of the ASEAN Plus Three (APT) process has started to take shape. Government leaders, ministers, and senior officials from the 10 members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)1 and the three Northeast Asian states—China, Japan, and South Korea—that together comprise the participants in the process are consulting on an increasing range of issues. The APT’s emergence raises questions about relations between it and other regional groupings such as the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum and ASEAN itself, as well as about the overall prospects for its future development. There are a number of obstacles to this development that arise from the many differences among the countries of East Asia. However, the argument presented here is that the combined effect of such key developments as an increase in regionalization; the success of other regional organizations and arrangements such as the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA); the now-apparent limitations of
299 citations
TL;DR: Driemeier, May Hallward; Iarossi, Giuseppe; Sololoff, Kenneth L February, 2005Exports and manufacturing productivity in East Asia, reports,Washinton,DCThe World Bank,36
Abstract: Driemeier, May Hallward; Iarossi, Giuseppe; Sololoff, Kenneth LFebruary, 2005Exports and manufacturing productivity in East Asia,Reports,Washinton,DCThe World Bank,36
277 citations
TL;DR: A front jaw for a ski binding having a base plate fixedly secured to the ski and on which two pivot axes are positioned which are perpendicular with respect to the longitudinal axis of the pull rod.
Abstract: This paper presents dual estimates of total factor productivity growth (TFPG) for East Asian countries. While the dual estimates of TFPG for Korea and Hong Kong are similar to the primal estimates, they exceed the primal estimates by 1 percent a year for Taiwan and by more than 2 percent for Singapore. The reason for the large discrepancy for Singapore is because the return to capital has remained constant, despite the high rate of capital accumulation indicated by Singapore's national accounts. This discrepancy is not explained by financial market controls, capital income taxes, risk premium changes, and public investment subsidies. (JEL O11, O16, O47, O53)
259 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the agrarian roots that may explain the different development trajectory and performance of the East Asian NICs, particularly South Korea and Taiwan, and Latin America.
Abstract: Scholars and policy makers have long debated the causes of the spectacular economic success achieved by the East Asian newly industrialising countries ( NICs ) as well as the lessons that other developing countries can learn from this development experience. Latin America started to industrialise many decades before the East Asian NICs and yet was quickly overtaken by them in the last few decades. This article explores the agrarian roots that may explain the different development trajectory and performance of the East Asian NICs, particularly South Korea and Taiwan, and Latin America. The analysis focuses mainly on three interconnected factors in seeking to understand why the East Asian NICs outperformed Latin America: 1) state capacity and policy performance or 'statecraft'; 2) character of agrarian reform and its impact on equity and growth; 3) interactions between agriculture and industry in development strategies.
178 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: ASEAN: A Regional Community? Institutional Development. as discussed by the authors The East Asian Economic Crisis. Vietnam's Invasion of Cambodia. Responding to the Crisis. Claiming a Central Regional Role.
Abstract: ASEAN: A Regional Community? Institutional Development. Vietnam's Invasion of Cambodia. The Security Environment. Claiming a Central Regional Role. The East Asian Economic Crisis. Responding to the Crisis. ASEAN in the 21st Century.
169 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated features of the moisture circulation over East Asian during the El Nino episode in northern winter, spring and autumn, and found that in all these seasons, the anomalies of precipitation in China, atmospheric precipitable water, water vapor transport and moisture divergence over East Asia, differ from those in the rest of the phases.
Abstract: Diagnostic analysis is made to investigate features of the moisture circulation over East Asian during the El Nino episode in northern winter, spring and autumn. It is found that in all these seasons, the anomalies of precipitation in China, atmospheric precipitable water, water vapor transport and moisture divergence over East Asia in the El Nino mature phase, differ from those in the rest of the phases. In the El Nino mature phase, positive precipitation anomalies occur in the southern part of China. More northeastward water vapor transport appears around the southeastern coast of East Asia, where moisture converges, and precipitable water is above normal, which are consistent with the precipitation anomalies. The physical process through which El Ninn affects the East Asian climate, is also identified. Differing from the rest of the phases in the El Nino episode, the mature phase is characterized by strong convective cooling anomalies in the atmosphere, in the area (0-15°N, 110°E-150°E) over the western tropical Pacific. As a Rossby wave response of the tropical atmosphere to the cooling anomalies, an anomalous low-level anticyclone forms to the north of the maritime continent. This anticyclonic anomaly not only transports more water vapor to the area around the southeastern coast of East Asia, but also strengthens the western Pacific subtropical high, and shifts it to the south of the mainland China, which are favorable for more precipitation in the southern part of China.
TL;DR: The authors compared China's post-1978 reform policies across types of socialist transition, comparing China with Eastern Europe and Russia, and across time, compared China with other high-growth East Asian economies.
Abstract: Most theories that seek to explain democratization look to changes in the economy as the precursor to significant political liberalization, locating the main causal factor in either severe economic crisis or rapid economic growth. In the Chinese context, by contrast, the Communist Party has extricated itself from the socialist social contract with the urban working class without losing its grip on political power. Moreover, China has maintained a rapid pace of economic growth for over twenty-five years without significant political liberalization. Comparative analysis of China's post-1978 reform policies yields insights both across types of socialist transition, comparing China with Eastern Europe and Russia, and across time, comparing China with other high-growth East Asian economies. A key factor in China's ability to reform the economy without sacrificing political control is the timing and sequencing of its foreign direct investment (FDI) liberalization. There are two key variables that are important to this comparative analysis: China's pattern of ownership diversification and China's mode of integration into the global economy. The article relates these two variables to the success of economic change without political liberalization, in particular, how FDI liberalization has affected relations between workers
and the ruling Communist Party. "Reform and openness" in this context resulted in a strengthened Chinese state, a weakened civil society (especially labor), and a delay in political liberalization.
Book•
12 Jul 2002
TL;DR: Perkmann et al. as discussed by the authors discussed the political economy of scale in cross-border co-operation in the German-Polish border area and the role of sub-national authorities.
Abstract: PART I: INTRODUCTION Globalization, Regionalization and Cross-Border Regions: Scales, Discourses and Governance M.Perkmann & N.Sum PART II: THEORETICAL APPROACHES The Political Economy of Scale B.Jessop Globalization, Regionalization and Cross-Border Modes of Growth in East Asia: the (Re-)Constitution of 'Time-Space Governance' N.Sum Political Frontier Regime: Towards Cross-Border Governance? J.Leresche & G.Saez PART III: EUROPEAN CROSS-BORDER CO-OPERATION Euroregions: Institutional Entrepreneurship in the European Unions M.Perkmann Cross-Border Co-operation and Regional Development in the German-Polish Border Area S.Kratke PART IV: 'GROWTH TRIANGLES' IN EAST ASIA Rearticulation of Spatial Scales and Temporal Horizons of a Cross-Border mode of Growth: the (Re-)Making of 'Greater China' Space of 'Greater China' N.Sum Japan Sea Regionalism: The Role of sub-National Authorities D.Arase PART V: CROSS-BORDER CO-OPERATION IN NORTH AMERICA On the Political Economy of Cross-Border Regionalism: Regional Development and Co-operation on the US-Mexican Border J.W.Scott Not a State, But More than a State of Mind: Cascading Cascadias and the Geo-Economics of Cross-Border Regionalism M.Sparke PART VI: CROSS-BORDER CO-OPERATION IN AFRICA The Construction of Cross-Border Regions in Southern Africa: the Case of the 'Maputo Corridor' I.B.Lundin & F.Soderbaum Index
TL;DR: Pomeranz as mentioned in this paper argues that the divergence between development and involution in Europe and China did not occur until after 1800, mainly because of the lucky availability of coal resources for England, and also of other raw materials from the New World.
Abstract: Kenneth pomeranz argues that “the great divergence” between development and involution in Europe and China did not occur until after 1800. Until then, Europe and China were comparable in population history, agriculture, handicraft industry, income, and consumption. Europe before 1800, in other words, was much less developed than the last two decades of scholarship have led us to believe, while China before 1800 was much less involuted. To make his case, Pomeranz spotlights England, the most advanced part of Europe, and the Yangzi delta area, the most advanced part of China. They diverged only after 1800, mainly because of the lucky availability of coal resources for England, and also of other raw materials from the New World.
TL;DR: This paper provided empirical evidence on the casual relationship between stock prices and exchange rates volatility in four East Asian countries using a GARCH model for which a BEKK representation is adopted, and then test for the relevant zero restrictions on the conditional variance parameters.
Abstract: In this paper we provide some empirical evidence on the casual relationship between stock prices and exchange rates volatility in four East Asian countries. In order to test for causality-in-variance, we use a GARCH model for which a BEKK representation is adopted, and then test for the relevant zero restrictions on the conditional variance parameters. We find that in the pre-crisis sample stock prices lead exchange rates negatively in Japan and South Korea (consistently with the portfolio approach) and positively in Indonesia and Thailand. In the latter two countries after the onset of the 1997 East Asian crisis the spillover effects are found to be bidirectional. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: The authors discusses the position and status of English in 15 countries or education systems in East Asia, with the term East Asia used to cover Southeast and Northeast Asia, and discusses the suitability of certain imported teaching techniques in settings where English is seldom used outside the classroom.
Abstract: The paper is structured in three parts. Part 1 discusses the position and status of English in 15 countries or education systems in East Asia, with the term East Asia used to cover Southeast and Northeast Asia. Part 2 of the paper is devoted to recent developments in English Language Teaching (ELT) in the 15 countries or education systems, while Part 3 attempts some generalizations on the teaching of English in East Asia with regard to issues and problems. One of these issues is concerned with the suitability of certain imported teaching techniques in settings where English is seldom used outside the classroom. Some of the problems are conceptualized as dilemmas.
Book•
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: The Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI) as mentioned in this paper mobilizes a portion of the very large reserve holdings of its members for financial stabilization in a crisis, under the "ASEAN plus three" grouping, which does not include the United States or other countries outside the region.
Abstract: Since the financial crisis in the late 1990s, Asian governments have been considering strengthening regional monetary and financial cooperation Proposals have ranged from the Asian Monetary Fund to common currencies During the past two years, China, Japan, Korea, and the member-states of ASEAN have established a set of financial facilities under an agreement made in Chiang Mai, Thailand The Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI) mobilizes a portion of the very large reserve holdings of its members for financial stabilization in a crisis Organized under the "ASEAN plus three" grouping, these arrangements do not include the United States or other countries outside the region The CMI thus raises several important questions: Under what terms will financing be extended on a regional basis? Is it likely to stabilize or destabilize international capital flows? What will CMI's relationship be to the International Monetary Fund and other official financial institutions? How should governments build on these arrangements in the future? Could they provide the basis for broader integration of the East Asian region?This study examines the case for and against regional financial arrangements in East Asia, describes the CMI, compares it to financial arrangements in other regions, and recommends how the Initiative can preserve its complementarity to multilateral institutions and be strengthened in the future The study specifically addresses the concerns of Americans, Europeans, and multilateral organizations, assessing the pros and cons of such regional financial arrangements for the global system
01 Mar 2002
TL;DR: A comparative study of entrepreneurship in Latin America and East Asia is presented in this paper, where the authors identify the leading factors that stimulate or limit entrepreneurship at each stage of the entrepreneurial process.
Abstract: This report presents the results of a comparative study of entrepreneurship in Latin America and East Asia. It focuses on the process of creation of new companies. That process is analyzed at three different stages: inception of the entrepreneurial venture, company start-up, and its early development. From the initial motivation to become an entrepreneur to the contacts needed to help solve problems as the business gets underway and grows, a number of factors affect the behavior of potential entrepreneurs. This study aims to identify the leading factors that stimulate or limit entrepreneurship at each stage of the entrepreneurial process in Latin America and East Asia. These leading factors are analyzed, a number of conclusions are drawn, and policy recommendations are reached for promoting entrepreneurship in different socio-economic contexts.
TL;DR: Using the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis for 1948-98, this article identified a dominant pattern for the interannual variation of upper-level winds over mid-latitude Asia in boreal summer.
Abstract: Using the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis for 1948–98, this study identifies a dominant pattern for the interannual variation of upper-level winds over mid-latitude Asia in boreal summer This pattern, called the mid-latitude Asian summer (MAS) pattern, features two anomalous anticyclones: one centred at 375° N, 65° E and the other at 425° N, 130° E The MAS pattern significantly influences East Asian summer monsoon variability In the positive phase of the MAS pattern, contrasting meridional wind anomalies between eastern China and Japan lead to above- and below-normal summer rainfall in north China and south Japan respectively The year-to-year change of the MAS pattern is related to that of the Indian summer rainfall, especially in central and northern India Thus, the MAS pattern plays a role in connecting anomalous Indian heating with the East Asian summer monsoon variability
The East Asian anomalous anticyclone displays a southeastward shift after the late 1970s This results in a similar change of anomalous summer rainfall regions in East Asia The West Asian anomalous anticyclone moves northeastward after the late 1970s The relation of the MAS pattern with the Indian summer rainfall experienced an obvious weakening in the late 1970s As a result, the statistical relation between the Indian and north China summer rainfall becomes weak after the late 1970s Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Posted Content•
TL;DR: Based on the arguments in Balassa's stages of comparative advantage thesis, this paper examined the performance of manufacture exports in a number of Asian and Latin American economies over the period 1981-1997 and examined the revealed comparative advantage indices between economies in East Asia, Southeast Asia and Latin America.
Abstract: Changes in comparative advantage should reflect changes in factor endowment, but increasingly, changes in trade policies also affect a region's trade performance. Based on the arguments in Balassa's stages of comparative advantage thesis, this paper looks at the performance of manufacture exports in a number of Asian and Latin American economies over the period 1981-1997 and examines the revealed comparative advantage indices between economies in East Asia, Southeast Asia and Latin America. Although the RCA measurement may not distinguish between the factor endowment effects from the trade policy effect, we argue that RCA measures provide indication on the movement in a region's comparative advantage. The evidence strongly suggests that despite the strong export performance experienced by East Asian economies, they are losing their comparative advantage to the lower-tier economies in Southeast Asia and Latin America.
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive air quality prediction model is applied to simulate the pH values in precipitation and to investigate neutralization by soil aerosols and their influence on the distribution of acid rain over east Asia.
Abstract: [1] A comprehensive Air Quality Prediction Modeling System is applied to simulate the pH values in precipitation and to investigate neutralization by soil aerosols and their influence on the distribution of acid rain over east Asia. A modified deflation module is designed to provide explicit information on the soil aerosol loading. Numerical simulation was performed for 1 year, from 15 December 1998 to 31 December 1999. Wet deposition monitoring data at 17 sites of the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in east Asia in addition to State Environmental Protection Agency data were used to evaluate the model, and a reasonable agreement was obtained. Observed evidence clearly shows that in northern China acid deposition is heavily influenced and buffered by natural soil dust from desert and semiarid areas. The observed mean rainwater pH value in northern China is the highest, between 6.0 and 7.2, while in southern China, where many areas severely impacted by acid precipitation are located, the pH value is much lower, between 3.5 and 5. In Japan the mean pH value is 4.7, significantly higher than that in southern China, while in South Korea the pH value is intermediate between those in northern China and Japan. The model is capable of reproducing this geographical distribution of rainwater pH over east Asia. The simulation results for 1999 demonstrated strong neutralization of precipitation by soil aerosols over northeast Asia, and the distribution pattern of acid rain was also altered. The annual mean pH values in northern China and Korea show a remarkable increase of 0.8–2.5, while the increase in mean pH values over southern China and Japan are less than 0.1. The neutralization effects vary by season, with the greatest influence in spring, when pH values increased by 0.1–0.4 in Japan, 0.5–1.5 in Korea, and more than 2 in northern China.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the evolution and future prospects of SMEs in an evolving market economy in East Asia, including the role of small and medium enterprises in the mature economy.
Abstract: East Asian SMEs - contemporary issues and developments - an overview, Charles Harvie and Boon-Chye Lee profile of SMEs and SME issues in East Asia, Chris Hall China's SMEs - their evolution and future prospects in an evolving market economy, Charles Harvie the limping tiger - problems in transition for small- and medium-sized enterprises in Vietnam, David Richards et al SMEs and the new economy - Philippine manufacturing in the 1990s, Edgard Rodriguez and Albert Berry old policy challenges for a new administration - SMEs in Indonesia, Hal Hill an overview of the macroeconomic contribution of small and medium enterprises in Malaysia, Moha Asri Abdullah policies for SME recovery in Thailand, Peter Brimble et al promoting SMEs in Korea - government response to the Asian financial crisis, Gary D Gregory government policies and programmes for small and medium enterprises in Taiwan, Matt Ngui small- and medium-sized enterprises in Australia, James Nguyen et al Japan - the role of SMEs in the mature economy, Keishi Suguira small- and medium-sized enterprises in New Zealand, Healther Wilson and Nigel Haworth small and medium enterprises in Singapore and the new economy, Boon-Chye Lee and Wee-Liang Tan
Posted Content•
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: The Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI) as discussed by the authors mobilizes a portion of the very large reserve holdings of its members for financial stabilization in a crisis, which does not include the United States or other countries outside the region.
Abstract: Since the financial crisis in the late 1990s, Asian governments have been considering strengthening regional monetary and financial cooperation. Proposals have ranged from the Asian Monetary Fund to common currencies. During the past two years, China, Japan, Korea, and the member-states of ASEAN have established a set of financial facilities under an agreement made in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI) mobilizes a portion of the very large reserve holdings of its members for financial stabilization in a crisis. Organized under the "ASEAN plus three" grouping, these arrangements do not include the United States or other countries outside the region.The CMI thus raises several important questions: Under what terms will financing be extended on a regional basis? Is it likely to stabilize or destabilize international capital flows? What will CMI's relationship be to the International Monetary Fund and other official financial institutions? How should governments build on these arrangements in the future? Could they provide the basis for broader integration of the East Asian region?This study examines the case for and against regional financial arrangements in East Asia, describes the CMI, compares it to financial arrangements in other regions, and recommends how the Initiative can preserve its complementarity to multilateral institutions and be strengthened in the future. The study specifically addresses the concerns of Americans, Europeans, and multilateral organizations, assessing the pros and cons of such regional financial arrangements for the global system.
TL;DR: The Asian financial crisis has significantly changed the way in which regionalism in East Asia is taking place as mentioned in this paper, and the reasons for this change are analysed and the regional policies of China and Japan examined.
Abstract: The Asian financial crisis has significantly changed the way in which regionalism in East Asia is taking place. Prior to the crisis, regionalism in the area was noted for its relative lack of formal institutions; many analyses stressed the role of private businesses in fostering a 'regional economy'. Post-crisis regionalism is being led by the state and encompasses both monetary and trade dimensions. The reasons for this change are analysed and the regional policies of China and Japan examined. The spur to post-crisis regionalism is argued to have been provided by a desire to limit the influence in the region of the US and the international financial institutions.
TL;DR: This article found that European and East Asian countries were not susceptible to volatility contagion in the pre-crisis era but that susceptibility increased significantly with the onset of the crisis and that the observed decline in diversification potency in Asia is reason enough for large declines in asset values.
Book•
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: In this paper, Africa, Iran/Afghanistan, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire, South Asia, Southeast/East Asia, and Southeast/east Asia are discussed. But the focus is on Iran and Afghanistan.
Abstract: Introduction Section 1: Africa Section 2: Iran/Afghanistan Section 3: Ottoman Empire Section 4: Russian Empire Section 5: South Asia Section 6: Southeast/East Asia
TL;DR: East Asia had significantly more species than expected in magnoliids, alismatids, Liliidae, ranunculids, and rosids and had significantly less species in the Commelinidae, Caryophyllidae, and euasterids than North America.
Abstract: The taxonomic richness of seed plants at different taxonomic levels was compared between temperate East Asia and North America at both continental and semi-continental scales. In each comparison, land area and latitude range were adjusted to a comparable level between the two continental regions. East Asia is significantly more diverse than North America. In general, differences in taxonomic diversity arise at and below the genus level. At the continental scale, East Asia has 1.3 and 1.5 times as many genera and species, respectively, as North America. The northern part of East Asia has 1.1 times as many species as the northern part of North America. At the genus level, the northern part of East Asia is less diverse than the northern part of North America by a factor of 0.94. This pattern indicates that the diversity bias between the two continental regions results from the flora of southern East Asia. The diversity differences between East Asia and North America are not homogenously distributed across different plant groups. At the species level, East Asia had significantly more species than expected in magnoliids, alismatids, Liliidae, ranunculids, and rosids and had significantly less species in the Commelinidae, Caryophyllidae, and euasterids than North America.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluate progress at the action plan's mid-point in January 2002 and find that e-government activity in East and Southeast Asia is highly diverse, reflecting national strengths and weaknesses rather than regional capacity for policy change.
Abstract: Among many regional policy initiatives taken by states in East and Southeast Asia in the wake of the 1997 financial crisis, one central project launched by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and taken up by its dialogue partners in East Asia, was promotion of information and communication technology. While part of ASEAN's 1999–2004 action plan focused on services for business, another part sought to put public sectors online, and to promote electronic government, or e-government. Taking the 16 states and quasi-states of East and Southeast Asia, this article evaluates progress at the action plan's mid-point in January 2002. It begins by defining e-government and reviewing three academic literatures on the information age, developmental states, and Confucian societies. It then describes the major policy initiatives taken by ASEAN and its partner states, and surveys implementation progress through an analysis of government homepages and sites. Its main finding is that e-government activity in East and Southeast Asia is highly diverse, reflecting national strengths and weaknesses rather than regional capacity for policy change. The article argues for increased attention to national implementation strategies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Book•
01 Nov 2002
TL;DR: The most comprehensive account of the foundations of East Asia's rise can be found in this paper, where four broad themes are identified: effective governance, achieving and learning societies, growth with equity, and external influences.
Abstract: East Asian countries have adopted remarkably good policies to ensure sustained economic growth, but how did they come to adopt such policies in the first place? This book produces a more thorough explanation than has previously been advanced drawing on several disciplines including contributions from anthropologists, economists, political scientists, technologists, demographers, historians and psychologists. Several contributors have held high positions in Asian governments. Four broad themes are identified: * effective governance * achieving and learning societies * growth with equity * external influences This is the most comprehensive account of the foundations of East Asia's rise. Its distinctiveness lies in the range of comparisons across the countries of East and South-East Asia and in the wide array of contributing disciplines.
01 Apr 2002
TL;DR: Knowledge has always been central to development as discussed by the authors and it is necessary for markets and governments to function, for the process of innovation, and for the application of new ideas, which is the case for markets, governments, and businesses.
Abstract: Knowledge has always been central to development. It is necessary for markets and governments to function, for the process of innovation, and for the application of new ideas. The green revolution that has more than doubled yields of staple crops in Asia and South America over the last 50 years, is an example of the development and application of knowledge through a range of local, national, and international institutions making a dramatic impact on the incomes of the poor. Between 1973 and 1994, the average real income of small farmers in southern India increased by 90 percent, and that of the landless by 125 percent, largely because of the introduction of labor-intensive, high-yielding crop varieties. The successful use of knowledge lies behind much of the growth of the East Asian 'miracle' countries over the past half century. Conversely, weaknesses in the application of knowledge are a major factor behind stagnation in income growth in Africa. The accumulation of physical capital-machinery, roads, and buildings, explains less than 30 percent of the variations in growth rates around the world over the past 40 years. Much of the rest is accounted for by differences in the growth of educational opportunities, and in the diffusion and application of knowledge. Forty years ago, Ghana and the Republic of Korea had virtually the same income per capita. Today, Korea is approximately six times richer, and more than half of that gap can be attributed to Korea's greater success in acquiring and using knowledge.