Showing papers on "Economic sector published in 1993"

Why China's economic reforms differ: the M-form hierarchy and entry/expansion of the non-state sector

Abstract: China's thirteen years of economic reforms (1979-1991) have achieved an average GNP annual growth rate of 8.6%. What makes China's reforms differ from those of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union is the sustained entry and expansion of the non-state sector. We argue that the organization structure of the economy matters. Unlike their unitary hierarchical structure based on functional or specialization principles (the U-form), China's hierarchical economy has been the multi-layer-multi-regional one mainly based on territorial principle (the deep M-form, or briefly, the M-form). Reforms have further decentralized the M-form economy along regional lines, which provided flexibility and opportunities for carrying out regional experiments, for the rise of non-state enterprises, and for the emergence of markets. This is why China's non-state sector share of industrial output increased from 22% in 1978 to 47% in 1991 and its private sector's share from zero to about 10%, both being achieved without mass privatization and changes in the political system.

Building an Enterprise Culture in the Public Sector: Reform of the Public Sector in Australia, Britain, and New Zealand

Abstract: tag=1 data=Building an enterprise culture in the public sector: reform of the public sector in Australia, Britain and New Zealand. by R.C. Mascarenhas tag=2 data=Mascarenhas, R.C. tag=3 data=Public Administration Review, tag=4 data=53 tag=5 data=4 tag=6 data=July/August 1993 tag=7 data=319-328. tag=8 data=PUBLIC SERVICE tag=10 data=What is the state of administrative reform in Britain, Australia and New Zealand, an overview of the approaches to public administrative reform taken in those parliamentary systems. tag=11 data=1993/5/8 tag=12 data=93/0467 tag=13 data=CAB

Principals, Agents and the Economics of Accountability in the New Public Sector

Abstract: Examines the recent changes made to the public sector in the UK in the context of relevant economic models, including the principal‐agent model, public goods theory and the median voter model. Considers a number of possible justifications for the changes, including the emulation of the private sector as a model of accountability and efficiency, and increasing the accountability of the public sector. Finds major problems with each of these justifications, highlights other possible explanations for the changes, and emphasizes the importance of the concept of “residual loss” when monitoring and bonding processes are imperfect.

Sectoral effects of a world oil price shock: economywide linkages to the agricultural sector

Abstract: The effects of a world oil price shock on U.S. agriculture are analyzed in an economywide environment. We use an input-output model to analyze the direct and indirect cost linkages between energy and other sectors of the economy. Then, to allow sectoral output adjustment and the effects on the U.S. current account, we use the U.S. Department of Agriculture/Economic Research Service Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model to analyze the sectoral effects under three different macro adjustment scenarios. The effects on agriculture are not limited to the direct and indirect energy costs. Exchange rate or foreign borrowing adjustments to higher oil import costs and government support programs for agriculture also matter.

The Oil boom and after : Indonesian economic policy and performance in the Soeharto era

Abstract: This book analyzes Indonesia's economic policies and performance in the previous decade. It assesses Indonesia's process of economic restructuring, and its implications for the country's future economic development. Doronila examines fiscal practices and assesses the performance of crucial economic sectors. He also examines the implications of economic restructuring and deregulation policies for the people of Indonesia and provides insight into the problems of restored democracies that are struggling to survive economic crises and military revolt.

Governments, NGOs and agricultural development: Perspectives on changing inter‐organisational relationships

Abstract: There are divergent interests in involving NGOs in public sector programmes of agricultural development. Some commentators seek to foster popular participation through such involvement, while others view it largely within the logic of public sector cutbacks. Using material primarily from Latin America, and also from Africa and Asia, the potential gains and risks inherent in a range of NGO‐government relationships are considered. Strengths and weaknesses in NGO development strategies and practice are reviewed, and potential public sector contributions discussed. While closer relationships between NGOs and governments seem likely to emerge in the context of current public sector reform, the form these relationships will assume is less clear and will probably be highly diverse.

Public Sector Decentralization: Economic Policy and Sector Investment Programs

Abstract: This paper summarizes experience with alternative decentralization arrangements and suggests a new analytical framework for assessing the impact of such arrangements on the performance of economic development programs and projects. Consideration of alternative forms of decentralization reveals the need to clarify and establish priorities among multiple economic development and political objectives. The potential for conflict among multiple objectives and the need to assess decentralization policies in terms of acceptable trade-offs among those objectives summarizes the importance of this paper. This paper is addressed to the broad audience of development professionals who are interested in both the substance of decentralization issues and their impact on economic development.

Economic Adjustment in Low-Income Countries: Experience Under the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility

Abstract: This paper evaluates progress made under ESAF-supported programs in attaining external viability, restoring economic growth, and implementing structural reforms. Performance is evaluated for 19 countries that entered ESAF arrangements by mid-1992, against the background of their initial conditions, external environment, and implementation of structural and macroeconomic policies.

The Economic Analysis of Institutions and Organisations - in General and with Respect to Country Studies

Abstract: Institutional questions have become increasingly prominent in the evaluation of nearly every area of structural policy. The present article shows how formal economic analysis may be brought to bear on the problem of understanding institutions. It begins by reviewing the recent history of thought on the economics of organisations. It then outlines the fundamentals of transactions cost economics, a branch of economic theory which views organisations as a response to competitive pressures to align different ways of channelling or "governing" a transaction -- these governance forms include market, hybrid or hierarchy -- with the transactions requirements of different economic sectors. The paper then demonstrates the applicability of this theory, which represents a significant departure from the neo-classical theory of the firm, in such diverse areas as intermediate product markets, corporate finance and governance, the modern corporation, regulation and deregulation and the failure of ...

The Service Sector in Regional Development

Abstract: (1993). The Service Sector in Regional Development. Regional Studies: Vol. 27, No. 8, pp. 817-825.

Creating Networks for Rural Economic Development in Norway

Abstract: Regional economic development is a social change process. This paper focuses on how the creation of social networks can support economic development. Action research methodology, the theoretical foundations of which are presented, was used to support network development. The paper describes and analyzes the social shaping of several types of new networks in coastal Norway over the 5-year period of 1986-1991. Networks linking entrepreneurs resulted in establishing several new enterprises. The shaping of networks for interorganizational cooperation promoted the survival and growth of existing economic activity. Networks that developed between the public and private sectors also promoted economic development and a new role for the public sector, network broker, emerged. This new role required public sector initiatives, provision of necessary resources, and active and equal participation among all parties involved in the development effort.

Economic Development Policy: Explaining Policy Preferences among Competing Models.

Abstract: Economic development policy in the United States is at a critical juncture. The changing world economic order, global competition, and economic stagnation at home have prompted calls for reform. Yet, the growing recognition of the problems that confront the economy has not produced a coherent set of strategies to address these issues. These authors focus on political and bureaucratic factors that retard the reform of economic development policy. An understanding of how these factors shape economic development policy is critical to proposing workable reforms. This analysis of the dynamics of economic development policy provides information about the relationship between government and the people.

Public and Private Investment and the Convergence of Per Capita Incomes in Developing Countries

Abstract: This paper examines the extent to which there has been convergence in real per capita incomes across developing countries during the last two decades. In the analysis particular emphasis is placed on the separate roles played by private and public sector investment in determining both the extent and the speed of convergence. The paper also considers the importance of the stock of human capital, trade orientation, and foreign direct investment in the long-run growth process. Empirical tests are carried out for a large sample of 95 developing countries over the period 1970-90. The results provide support for the notion of differential effects of public and private investment on long-term growth, as well as for the convergence hypothesis.

Hypotheses on the Italian administrative system

Abstract: Why is the private economy in Italy thriving, while the public sector is so poor? This article spells out the general characteristics of the structures and procedures of the public sector and outlines the criteria on which to judge its efficiency in order to proceed to the presentation of four explanatory hypotheses. The first hypothesis is an economic one: the private sector may have exploited the public sector, which bears costs that are to the direct advantage of the private economy. The second hypothesis is social: the public sector is poor because it is a means of taking on labour from the underdeveloped South, becoming in this way a social buffer. The third hypothesis is political: the administration is used to secure political support for the ruling parties (and in particular, for the Christian Democratic Party). The fourth hypothesis is historical: the administration is badly run because, as a result of the Fascist experience, Italians fear any form of ‘Bonapartism’: and it is badly organised beca...

Non-traditional Export Growth and Economic Development: the Chilean Forestry Sector

Abstract: In the late 1980s and 1990s, a major shift in the orientation of economic policy has occurred in the majority of Latin American countries. Since the World Depression of 1929-1933, Latin American countries have been characterised by inward orientation. Inward orientation was associated with policies of protectionism, import substitution industrialisation, antagonism and scepticism towards direct foreign investment and a striving for technological nationalism (Glade, 1969). However, since the early 1980s, it has become evident that a shift towards outward orientation has become an essential component of renewing economic growth after the slump and stagnation ofthe debt crisis (Balassa etai, 1986; Gwynne, 1990). Outward orientation can broadly be defined as a policy which seeks greater links between the national economy ofa country and that ofthe world economy as a whole. There are three major components in outward orienta? tion. First, there is the need to boost export trade by reducing or eliminating protectionist rules and creating a more effective exchange rate; this is the policy of trade liberalisation (Baldwin, 1988; Krueger, 1990). Secondly, it is necessary to reduce or eliminate the restrictions on inward investment that became a particular characteristic ofthe 1970s; this can be termed the policy of attracting direct foreign investment (Naya, 1990). Thirdly, there is the imperative for Latin American governments to react to the poor record of technological progress under inward orientation; it is necessary, therefore, to develop policies to improve the national technological capabilities of Latin American economies (Pietrobelli, 1990). However, a half-century of import substitution industrialisation in Latin America has had a differential impact on the economic structures of large and small countries (Gwynne, 1985). Large countries with important domestic markets, most notably Brazil and Mexico, were able to promote a much more substantial and competitive manufacturing sector than smaller countries with relatively tiny domestic markets. As Latin American govern? ments have shifted from inwardto outward-oriented policies, smaller countries have had to make these changes with a relatively uncompetitive and small manufacturing base. As a result, in the smaller countries, the shift to outward orientation has not tended to be associated with a rise in manufacturing exports but rather with

Using Economic Indicators to Improve Investment Analysis

Abstract: Cycles, Markets, and Participants. Gross Domestic Product. The Consumer Sector. Investment Spending. The Foreign Sector. The Government Sector. Inflation. Other Measures of Production. The Federal Reserve System. The Treasury. Appendix. Endnotes. Bibliography. Index.

The question of linkages in environment and development

Abstract: To make the world more manageable, humans have split it up into disciplinary components such as nations, communities, economic sectors, ecological zones, and scientific disciplines. However, the preoccupation with a certain sector often means the larger perspective is lost. Dynamic interactions between the sectors are as important as the sectors themselves. This article examines the entire issue of linkages. It starts with a conceptual framework analyzing the character and prevalence of linkages, using the oceans as an illustration with its sectors of fisheries, biodiversity, pollution, technology, climate, and energy. Different types of linkages are discussed: linked linages (e.g., economic links serving to reflect or reinforce environmental linkages and vice versa); synergized linkages (e.g.: acid rain in the humid tropics); present/future linages. Examples of super-scope linkages are given: developing world debt; agricultural subsidies; marginal people in marginal environments. Finally the problem of institutional indifference to linkages and world responses to linkages - policy interventions and planning, programing and management - are discussed. 53 refs.