Showing papers on "Electrochromic devices published in 1999"
TL;DR: In this article, the most important examples from the major classes of organic electrochromic materials, namely the 1,1′-disubstituted-4,4′-bipyridilium salts (the ''viologens'), conducting polymers, metallopolymers and metallophthalocyanines are reviewed.
482 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, thin films of tungsten oxide were deposited on SnO2:F coated glass using pulsed laser deposition using Raman spectroscopy, and the decrease of the optical band gap was ascribed to a decrease of WO/O-W −W −O ratio correlated to an increase of the cluster size of tengsten oxide with crystallinity.
242 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a series of viologens have been synthesized, characterised and tested for their suitability as redox chromophores in electrochromic devices, which are irreversibly adsorbed at a transparent nanoporous-nanocrystalline TiO2 electrode.
190 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a cone-shaped trimeric arborol-type viologen was prepared with the intention to fill out the space above the convex surface of the nanoparticles particularly well.
138 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two examples of all solid state and flexible electrochromic devices assembled under atmospheric conditions are described, which were constructed using polypyrrole and polythiophene derivatives as electrochromics materials, deposited on optically transparent plastic electrodes.
127 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of highly conducting polyaniline films as active layers in electrochromic devices operating in the mid-infrared, IR, range (8-12 μm) has been investigated.
92 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two complementary electrodes made of a nanocrystalline metal oxide thin film deposited on conducting glass were elaborated based on a monolayer of a phosphonated triarylamine which can be rapidly oxidized by electron transfer to the conducting support.
89 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used copolymers that contain two distinct moieties, blends of polymers that have different colour changes, laminating two different polymers on the working electrode, and using fine patterns of two different materials to confuse the eye.
87 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry over a spectral range of 2-14μm to measure the optical properties of semicrystalline WO3 and NiO materials.
85 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the optical switching properties of gadolinium-magnesium hydride have been demonstrated in a solid-state electrochromic device, where the visible reflectance approaches 35% with virtually zero transmission.
Abstract: The optical switching properties of gadolinium–magnesium hydride have been demonstrated in a solid-state electrochromic device. With positive polarization of the hydride electrode, the visible reflectance approaches 35% with virtually zero transmission, while with negative polarization, the visible transmission exceeds 25% at 650 nm. The switching is reversible, with intermediate optical properties between the transparent and reflecting states.
69 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the microstructure, stoichiometry and optical properties of amorphous Ta 2 O 5 films were investigated as a function of the film thickness, and it was found that the refractive index and extinction coefficient values were affected by the thickness of the coatings.
TL;DR: In this paper, the benefits of electrochromics for architectural glazings and eyewear applications are reviewed and the technological and manufacturing challenges involved are reported, as well as OCLI's recent advances in producing low temperature all-sputtered EC devices.
TL;DR: The status of electrochromic devices based upon the reversible electrodeposition of thin bismuth-copper films is reported in this paper, where the electrochemistry and interface chemistry of the system relevant to information display applications are briefly described.
Patent•
07 Dec 1999TL;DR: In this paper, the same polymer may be used in both an electrode paste and an electrolyte, and an exemplary polymer for this purpose is polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
Abstract: Electrodes are manufactured using a fire-retardant solvent Electrodes according to the present invention are contemplated to find applicability in substantially any electrode containing device, including batteries, supercapacitors, electrochromic devices, fuel cells, and displays A preferred class of fire-retardant solvents includes solvents that generate a fire-retardant gas upon decomposition One subclass includes compositions that generate carbon dioxide upon decomposition Other subclasses include species that generate non-CO2 gases upon decomposition, such as CO, SO2, SO3, NO, N2O, NO2, or N2 A second preferred class of fire-retardant solvents include solvents that are fire-retardant without generating a fire-retardant gas upon decomposition, and are electrochemically inactive Subclasses here include the many phosphates, phosphazenes, borates, siloxanes, fluorinated carbonates and fluorinated ethers that are already known to be included in a fire-retardant electrolyte It is contemplated that the same solvent may be used in both an electrode paste and an electrolyte It is also contemplated that the same polymer may be used in both an electrode paste and an electrolyte An exemplary polymer for this purpose is polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) In one or both such cases, an electrolyte may advantageously be applied directly to the porous electrode surface, providing excellent interlayer adhesion and thus low interfacial resistance
Patent•
04 Nov 1999
TL;DR: In this paper, a polymeric coating material used to protect electrochromic devices from environmental and mechanical damage is presented. The polymeric materials in the present invention are polymers having generic polymer back-bones selected from the group consisting of polyimides, polybenzimidazoles, poly benzothiazoles,polybenzoxazoles and poly(phenylene ethers), polyquinolines.
Abstract: The present invention is directed to a polymeric coating material used to protect electrochromic devices from environmental and mechanical damage. The protective polymeric coating material in the present invention are physically, chemically and optically compatible with the electrochromic cell layers. The polymeric coating materials in the present invention are polymers having generic polymer back-bones selected from the group consisting of polyimides, polybenzimidazoles, polybenzothiazoles, polybenzoxazoles, poly(phenylene ethers), polyquinolines, polycarbonates and polysulfones.
Patent•
26 Apr 1999TL;DR: In this article, the lower redox potential of an electrochromic compound makes a large contribution to the absorbancy of the electro chromic medium despite being present in only minor concentration.
Abstract: Electrochromic compositions suitable for use in electrochromic media in electrochromic devices contain minimally two electrochromic compounds of the same redox type, whose redox potentials are greater than 30 mV. The lower redox potential electrochromic compound makes a large contribution to the absorbancy of the electrochromic medium despite being present in only minor concentration.
TL;DR: In this paper, three compositionally different copolymers derived from N-vinyl carbazole and N-phenyl-2-(5′-vinel-2′-thienyl)-5-(2″)-pyrrole were synthesized chemically and characterised.
TL;DR: Fast ionic conducting film ceramic membrane materials have been successfully prepared via the soft-chemical synthesizing procedure, e.g. sol-gel and suspension processes as mentioned in this paper, and these thin film ceramic membranes are nanostructured with a thickness from 0.1 to several μm.
TL;DR: In this paper, a solid-state ECD comprised of a WO 3 and Prussian blue (PB) thin film couple with a proton-conducting solid polymer electrolyte is discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report on the development of all sol-gel EC devices, that is, those where all three internal layers are prepared via the solgel route, including the ionically conductive inorganic-organic hybrid (ormolyte).
TL;DR: In this article, the initial stages of electrochemical intercalation of lithium in sputter-deposited tungsten oxide thin films were studied, and the experimental results are consistent with a reaction of lithium and interstitial oxygen to form a neutral Li2−Oi complex.
Abstract: The initial stages of electrochemical intercalation of lithium in sputter-deposited tungsten oxide thin films were studied. The as-deposited films show a substantial irreversible uptake of lithium without an electrochromic effect. This trapping of lithium is associated with the presence of excess oxygen in the film. The experimental results are consistent with a reaction of lithium and interstitial oxygen to form a neutral Li2−Oi complex. Our findings are relevant for the manufacture of electrochromic devices, and the electrochemical titration method used may be applied to probe excess oxygen in other oxidic films as well.
TL;DR: In this article, the structure of powders and films having different molar ratios was determined using X-ray diffractometry, and cyclic voltammograms of films allowed for distinguishing between the and redox changes.
Abstract: prepared via the sol‐gel route with a tetragonal () crystal structure was found to act as an ion‐storage material. The structure of powders and films having different molar ratios was determined using X‐ray diffractometry. Cyclic voltammograms of films allowed for distinguishing between the and redox changes. In situ ultraviolet/visible spectro‐ electrochemical measurements confirmed the presence of redox changes in tetragonal films. The small coloration efficiency of films suggests their utilization as counter electrodes with optically passive responses in electrochromic devices. ©1998 The Electrochemical Society
TL;DR: In this paper, elastic and sticky polymer gel electrolytes were prepared by polymerisation of methacrylate resin to which solutions, containing LiBF 4 and [(C 2 H 5 ) 4 N]BF 4 in various ratios in PC, were added, keeping the ionic strength constant.
Patent•
20 Sep 1999
TL;DR: In this paper, an improved seal member is provided as a part of an electrochromic device to bond two glass elements together in a spaced-apart relationship, where the adhesion promotor comprises a first and a second region where the first region interacts with the reflector/electrode or the metal layer.
Abstract: An improved seal member is provided as a part of an electrochromic device to bond two glass elements together in a spaced-apart relationship. In one embodiment the seal member provides improved adhesion to a reflector/electrode on the third surface of an electrochromic mirror, or to a layer of metal on the second or third surface for an electrochromic light filter. This seal member comprises a mixture of an organic resin sealing system and an adhesion promoter, where the adhesion promotor comprises a first and a second region, where the first region interacts with the reflector/electrode or the metal layer, and a second region that interacts with the organic resin sealing system, and may even chemically react with the organic resin sealing system. In another embodiment the seal member is provided with a coefficient of thermal expansion that is closer to glass than a standard epoxy sealing system.
TL;DR: In this article, a thorough analysis of the IR vibrational spectra (4000-400 cm−1) of amorphous (300°C and crystalline (400°C) V/Ti-oxide films was made.
TL;DR: In this paper, thin solid films were prepared on indium-tin oxide coated glass substrates by reactive laser deposition in an oxygen ambient, and the nanocrystalline and high quality c-axis oriented films were characterized by X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy.
Abstract: Thin solid films were prepared on indium‐tin oxide coated glass substrates by reactive laser deposition in an oxygen ambient. The nanocrystalline and high quality c‐axis oriented films were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. Cyclic voltammetry and in situ visible spectroelectrochemical measurements revealed that the thin film electrode is stable during cycling with a charge capacity of , and the efficiency of coloration ranges from 16 to in the visible region. Our results show that thin films may be a new and cheap electrode material for electrochromic devices. ©1999 The Electrochemical Society
TL;DR: In this article, the authors employed fused molecules, dithienothiophenes, as monomers to obtain polymers with a narrow band gap suitable for n-and p-doping.
TL;DR: In this paper, the degradation of electrochromic devices has been studied and three main modes of degradation have been denoted as electrolyte failure, counterelectrode failure and working electrode failure.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe composite proton electrolytes composed of nanosize zirconium phosphate or antimonic acid particles suspended in a polyvinyl acetate/glycerin gel matrix.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used reactive radio frequency sputtering of a target made of mixed CeO 2 and V 2 O 5 (1:1) powders to obtain an anodic electrochromic character upon lithium insertion.