Showing papers on "Electrode potential published in 1980"
IBM1
TL;DR: In this paper, surface plasmons (SP) or surface electromagnetic waves were excited at the silver-aqueous electrolyte interface with visible light using an attenuated total reflection arrangement.
190 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Nb205 was colored and bleached with a response time of 1 to 2 seconds, with no apparent changes in behavior and continuous coloring and bleaching (I sec steps) was carried out three days.
Abstract: ted with colorat ion of the f i lm. The electrode surface was bleached during passage of the anodic current which appeared fol lowing potential scan reversal. Upon stepping the electrode potential between -0.8 V and +1.5 V in these solut ions, the electrode could be colored and bleached revers ib ly with a response time of 1 to 2 sec. Continuous coloring and bleaching (I sec steps) was carried out three days with no apparent changes in behavior. The Nb205 appeared to be stable in the
110 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single current pulse and a potentiostatic technique were applied to determine the diffusion coefficients of H in Pd over a wide range of concentration and at different temperatures.
Abstract: A palladium bielectrode has been used in a viscous electrolyte consisting of glycerin and phosphoric acid. The transport of molecular hydrogen from and to the electrode is remarkably diminished in this electrolyte in comparison with aqueous electrolytes. Therefore, changes of the electrode potential are unambiguously related to concentration changes caused by diffusion within the electrode. A single current pulse and a potentiostatic technique were applied to determine the diffusion coefficients of H in Pd over a wide range of concentration and at different temperatures. New evaluation methods for current‐time and potential‐time curves also yield values of the initial concentration, which are in excellent agreement with the values calculated from previous coulometric titrations. A special arrangement of two bielectrodes also allows the measurement of small differences in the diffusivities of hydrogen in the two electrodes. Results for hydrogen diffusion in pure palladium are in excellent agreement with Gorsky effect measurements.
96 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that crossing of anodic and cathodic traces is frequently observed on cyclic voltammograms featuring the electrochemical induction of a chemical reaction in the case where the product standard potential is positive to the reactant reduction potential.
65 citations
TL;DR: In this article, surface plasmon (SP) excitation using attenuated total reflection in the so-called Otto configuration was studied and the dispersion curves for Au(111), Ag(111) and Ag(110) surfaces were shown and discussed.
60 citations
Patent•
28 Jan 1980
TL;DR: An ion selective electrode capable of production in miniaturized form suitable for in vivo monitoring is produced by coating a metal-metal salt half cell with a layer of hydrophilic material containing electrolyte with an over-layer of an ion selective membrane as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An ion selective electrode capable of production in miniaturized form suitable for in vivo monitoring is produced by coating a metal-metal salt half cell with a layer of hydrophilic material containing electrolyte with an over-layer of an ion selective membrane. The coatings may be applied by a dipping and drying process. Stability is enhanced by addition of silver black and platinum black to the half cell and those materials may be added as layers in a similar dip and dry process. A companion reference electrode half cell is made of the same materials that are used in making the "half cell" portion of the selective electrode, except that the reference half cell is coated with a protein layer. Special packaging and a special procedure facilitate calibration.
55 citations
01 Sep 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of ion-selective microelectrodes to measure intracellular ionic activities and ionic electrochemical potential differences across cell membranes is discussed.
Abstract: This report reviews the use of ion-selective microelectrodes to measure intracellular ionic activities and ionic electrochemical potential differences across cell membranes. Particular emphasis is placed on the electrochemical characteristics of liquid ion-exchanger microelectrodes. Methods for assessing the effect of interfering ions on the electrode potential are discussed and analyzed. An equivalent electrical circuit model is proposed in which deviations from their theoretical values of the slopes and selectivities of liquid ion-exchanger microelectrodes are analyzed in terms of surface conductance phenomena. A quantitative expression is developed that permits the transmembrane electrochemical potential difference for an ion, which is measured with an ion-selective microelectrode, to be corrected for deviations from ideality in the slope of the electrode response. The effect of lipophilic anions, dissolved in the organic ion-exchanger solution, on the electrochemical characteristics of cation selective liquid ion-exchanger microelectrodes containing neutral ionophores is discussed.
52 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the yield of nitrobenzene and the maximum current density for the reaction is dependent upon the solvent, the cathode metal, the electrode potential, the concentration of acid and the rate of stirring of the catholyte.
Abstract: The electrochemical reduction of nitrobenzene has been studied in aqueous organic solvents containing sulphuric acid. It is shown that the yield ofp-aminophenol and the maximum current density for the reaction is dependent upon the solvent, the cathode metal, the electrode potential, the concentration of acid and the rate of stirring of the catholyte. The changes of products would not be obvious from theI-E curves but it is possible to find conditions where the yield ofp-aminophenol is > 75% at a current density of 150 mA cm−2.
47 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the membrane-covered rotated disk electrode to evaluate transport and reaction of three representative solutes after a step change in electrode potential and proposed an analysis that allows complete characterization of solute transport properties in the membrane from a single measurement for diffusion-limited processes.
Abstract: The membrane‐covered rotated disk electrode was used to evaluate transport and reaction of three representative solutes after a step change in electrode potential. An analysis is proposed that allows complete characterization of solute transport properties in the membrane from a single measurement for diffusion‐limited processes. For partially reaction‐limited processes, certain kinetic constants can be estimated provided that transport properties are known from independent experiments. Using a well‐characterized membrane, reactions of oxygen and hydroquinone were studied as examples of diffusion‐limited processes. Glucose oxidation, a process in which there is a complex dependency on reaction kinetics, was also studied and certain rate constants estimated. These results provide a foundation for characterization of transport in novel membranes.
44 citations
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the physical meaning behind the same term “electrode potential” is quite different in the two cases, and that no reference electrode must necessarily be involved for an electrode potential to be defined.
Abstract: “Electrode potential” is certainly the most used term in electrochemistry, and is very likely to be one of the most popular in the entire field of chemistry. Sound knowledge of the physical and chemical phenomena involved in the establishment of electrode potentials does not correspond, however, to the very wide use of the term. None would be surprised by a 0.059-V change in potential of a hydrogen electrode as the activity of H+ in solution is changed by a power of ten, but it would certainly be surprising if everyone knowing this were actually able to give a physical description of what is occurring at the electrode as the concentration of H+ is changed and why the electrode potential changes. Further, when the term “electrode potential” is used, it generally refers to the potential as experimentally measured with respect to a given reference electrode. Conceptually, however, no reference electrode must necessarily be involved for an “electrode potential” to be defined. It follows that the physical meaning behind the same term “electrode potential” is quite different in the two cases. This is certainly not as well recognized as the term itself is.
43 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the catalytic effects of metal ions on the anodic oxidation of ascorbic acid on a Pt electrode in 1 M HClO 4 were studied by linear sweep voltammetry.
TL;DR: In this article, the anodic transfer coefficients of Craq2+, Euaq2+, and Vaq2+ were studied over a wide range of anodic overpotentials at the mercury-aqueous interface in potassium hexafluorophosphate and sodium perchlorate supporting electrolytes in order to explore the possible dependence of the electrochemical transfer coefficient on the electrode potential.
Patent•
25 Jul 1980TL;DR: An electrochemical sensing device consisting of a sensing electrode, a counter electrode, an electrolyte in contact with said sensing electrode and counter electrode is described in this article, where the potential of the reversible hydrogen couple in the electrolyte of said cell is measured.
Abstract: An electrochemical sensing device comprising a sensing electrode, a counter electrode, an electrolyte in contact with said sensing electrode and counter electrode, said sensing electrode comprising a porous hydrophobic substrate having vapor-deposited thereon a porous film of a catalyst to provicde a diffusion electrode, means for exposing said sensing electrode to the gas to be detected, means electrically coupled to said sensing electrode for maintaining said sensing electrode at a potential of about 0.4 volt to about 1.5 volt with respect to the potential of the reversible hydrogen couple in the electrolyte of said cell, and means for measuring current flowing between said sensing electrode and said counter electrode which measured current is a measure of the concentration of the noxious gas being detected.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of replacing H2O with D2O solvent upon the electrochemical kinetics of simple transition-metal redox couples containing aquo, ammine or ethylenediamine ligands have been investigated at mercury electrodes as a means of exploring the possible contribution of ligand-aqueous solvent interactions to the activation barrier to outer-sphere electron transfer.
TL;DR: The coordination and kinetics of dissociation of RuIII(EDTA) from coatings of poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVP) applied to surfaces of transparent, thin-film graphite electrodes have been monitored spectrally as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: The mechanical construction and the electrical properties of a new type of capacitative electrode for the oil-water interface designed to detect changes of the interface potential induced by photochemical, photophysical, and photobiological reactions occurring at the interface are described.
TL;DR: The Raman Spectra of nitrogen-containing compounds adsorbed on a silver electrode show a band in the 240 cm −1 region which has been attributed to the Ag-N stretching vibration of the surface bond as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used electrochemically controlled test methods to evaluate the stress corrosion cracking (s.c.) resistance of nickel-based alloys in 10% NaOH solutions at 315°C (600°F).
Patent•
31 Mar 1980
TL;DR: In this article, an integrated electrode/insulator structure for use as part of an electrochemical system of a electrochemical cell is proposed. But the structure is not suitable for the use in the manufacturing process.
Abstract: An integrated electrode/insulator structure for use as part of an electrochemical system of an electrochemical cell. The electrode/insulator structure includes an electrode and an adherent porous layer of an electrically-nonconductive material deposited on the electrode and physically integrated with the electrode. The material of the adherent porous layer is selected so as to be chemically stable with the electrode and with any other components of the electrochemical system of the electrochemical cell in which the integrated electrode/insulator structure is to be used.
TL;DR: In this article, the electrochemistry of four gases, hydrogen, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide at metallized membrane electrodes is reported, and the experimental data are used to estimate values for the diffusion coefficient and solubility of the gases in the membrane material and the relevance to the design of environmental monitors of these experiments with high partial pressures of gases is discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of the kinetics of the Ag/AgI film electrode in 0.1 M KNO 3 solution is presented, where the overpotential/time curve is measured and Laplace transformed into an impedance/frequency function.
TL;DR: It was found that the height of voltammetric peaks of ds DNA is markedly influenced by the initial potential only at relatively low ionic strength, and that in the narrow region of potentials in the Vicinity of the zero charge potential a higher number of DNA segments can be opened, probably as a consequence of the strain which could act on the dsDNA molecule in the course of the segmental adsorption/desorption process.
TL;DR: In this article, a model consisting of a linear element and a static non-linear element (ZNL=zero-memory nonlinear system) is used to acquire the representation of the electrode process, from which the features of the electrodes should be extracted.
Patent•
14 Jan 1980
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed to prevent erroneous operation by keeping surface potential of a charge stored region under initial stage electrode adjacent to an input source nearest to surface potential in a barrier region.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To prevent erroneous operation by keeping surface potential of a charge stored region under initial stage electrode adjacent to an input source nearest to surface potential of a barrier region and also keeping surface potential of the barrier region at the spot nearest to surface potential of the charge stored region CONSTITUTION:Since surface potential of a charge stored region under initial stage electrode adjacent to an input source in kept nearer to a barrier region than surface potential of the other stored region, an input charge set under the initial stage electrode is less than maximum stored charge under a transfer electrode Therefore, where a voltage level of a clock signal impressed on the transfer electrode fluctuates more or less, an erroneous operation due to overflowing in a depleted region can still be prevented Then, surface potential of the barrier region under the initial stage electrode adjacent to the input soure is kept nearer to surface potential of the charge stored region than surface potential of the barrier region under transfer electrodes from the second stage on, therefore an erroneous operation due to overflow can also be prevented even where the source potential and the initial stage electrode potential fluctuate somewhat
TL;DR: In this paper, a liquid-membrane type periodate ion-selective electrode and its application to the potentiometric titration of α-diols and α-amino-alcohols are described.
TL;DR: In this paper, anodic and cathodic photocurrents were observed from illuminated WO3 electrodes and their dependences on electrode potential and incident photon energy have been explored, with the semiconductor/electrolyte junction biased into accumulation.
TL;DR: In this article, a nitrogen laser and a nitrogen pumped dye laser have been used in a coubledatic electrochemistry experiment to characterize photoemission phenomena at a dropping mercury electrode.