Showing papers on "Encoding (memory) published in 2005"

The Demise of Short-Term Memory Revisited: Empirical and Computational Investigations of Recency Effects

Abstract: In the single-store model of memory, the enhanced recall for the last items in a free-recall task (i.e., the recency effect) is understood to reflect a general property of memory rather than a separate short-term store. This interpretation is supported by the finding of a long-term recency effect under conditions that eliminate the contribution from the short-term store. In this article, evidence is reviewed showing that recency effects in the short and long terms have different properties, and it is suggested that 2 memory components are needed to account for the recency effects: an episodic contextual system with changing context and an activation-based short-term memory buffer that drives the encoding of item-context associations. A neurocomputational model based on these 2 components is shown to account for previously observed dissociations and to make novel predictions, which are confirmed in a set of experiments.

Modes of cognitive control in recognition and source memory: depth of retrieval.

Abstract: Recognition memory is usually regarded as a judgment based on trace strength or familiarity. But recognition may also be accomplished by constraining retrieval so that only sought after information comes to mind (source-constrained retrieval). We introduce amemory-for-foils paradigm that provides evidence for source-constrained retrieval in recognition memory (Experiment 1) and source memory (Experiment 2). In this paradigm, subjects studied words under deep or shallow encoding conditions and were given a memory test (recognition or source) that required them to discriminate between new items (foils) and either deep or shallow targets. A final recognition test was used to examine memory for the foils. In both experiments, foil memory was superior when subjects attempted to retrieve deep rather than shallow targets on the earlier test. These findings support a sourceconstrained retrieval view of cognitive control by demonstrating qualitative differences in the basis for memory performance.

An Information-Theoretic Approach to Distributed Compressed Sensing ∗

Abstract: Compressed sensing is an emerging field based on the revelation that a small group of linear projections of a sparse signal contains enough information for reconstruction. In this paper we introduce a new theory for distributed compressed sensing (DCS) that enables new distributed coding algorithms for multi-signal ensembles that exploit both intra- and inter-signal correlation structures. The DCS theory rests on a concept that we term the joint sparsity of a signal ensemble. We study a model for jointly sparse signals, propose algorithms for joint recovery of multiple signals from incoherent projections, and characterize the number of measurements per sensor required for accurate reconstruction. We establish a parallel with the Slepian-Wolf theorem from information theory and establish upper and lower bounds on the measurement rates required for encoding jointly sparse signals. In some sense DCS is a framework for distributed compression of sources with memory, which has remained a challenging problem for some time. DCS is immediately applicable to a range of problems in sensor networks and arrays.

Apparatus and Method for Decoding Using Channel Code

Abstract: An encoding and decoding method and apparatus.is disclosed. The method and apparatus improves encoding and decoding performance without using a large memory capacity and also reduces the complexity of hardware for implementation. According to the method, an encoded signal is received from a transmitting side, and the received signal is decoded using the parity check matrix. The parity check matrix includes layers where nonzero elements of a specific number of layers do not overlap in column direction.

Quantification of phase synchronization phenomena and their importance for verbal memory processes

Abstract: In the past years, interest in brain oscillations and their possible role in perceptual and cognitive processes has greatly increased. The two oscillations that have received the most attention are the theta and the gamma rhythm. In this study, the functioning and properties of phase synchronization parameters for these two frequency bands estimated by means of Gabor expansion were demonstrated with simulations for the phase-locking index (PLI) and the 1:1 as well as n:m phase synchronization indices. In order to demonstrate the importance of phase synchronization phenomena for memory performance, power, PLI and the 1:1 as well as n:m phase synchronization indices were calculated for EEG data on verbal memory encoding. These parameters showed various dissociations for recalled versus not-recalled nouns. In particular, the calculation of phase synchronization among different frequencies either at the same electrode or at different electrodes provided a completely new picture of dynamic neuronal interaction accompanying memory processing.

Selecting encoding types and predictive modes for encoding video data

Abstract: In some embodiments, a method of determining encoding type and predictive mode(s) selections for a macroblock of a video frame is provided. In some embodiments, a general method 1) selects the encoding type (16×16 or 4×4) that is initially considered for a macroblock using an encoding type selection algorithm (based on an attribute of the macroblock that is easy to compute), 2) if the 16×16 encoding type is selected in step 1, consider the four 16×16 prediction modes that may be used on the macroblock using conventional methods or an improved 16×16 predictive mode search algorithm based on distortion thresholds, and 3) if the 4×4 encoding type is selected in step 1, select the 4×4 prediction mode to be used for each of the sixteen 4×4 blocks of the macroblock using conventional methods or an improved 4×4 predictive mode search algorithm based on the positional relationships between predictive modes.

Methods and systems for adaptive encoding of real-time information in packet-switched wireless communication systems

Abstract: Embodiments described herein relate to providing adaptive encoding of real-time information in packet-switched wireless communication systems. In an embodiment, a rate-adaptation unit may be configured to receive local as well as end-to-end feedback information associated with data transmission (such as data delay, packet loss, transmit power headroom, channel condition, sector loading, the amount of buffered data, etc.) from a wireless access module in communication with wireless/wired networks, and adapt the real-time information encoding in accordance with such feedback information.

Encoding/decoding methods and systems, computer program products therefor

Abstract: The method is directed to encoding/decoding a video signal sequence by generating therefrom multiple description subsequences wherein the subsequences are produced by a plurality of parallel video encoding processes based on respective encoding parameters. The method includes the step of commonly controlling the encoding/decoding parameters for the plurality of video encoding/decoding processes.

Multi-resolution out-of-core modeling of terrain and teological data

Abstract: Multi-resolution is a useful tool for managing the complexity of huge terrain and geological data sets. Since encoding large data sets may easily exceed main memory capabilities, data structures and algorithms capable of efficiently working in external memory are needed. In our work, we aim at developing an out-of-core multi-resolution model dimension-independent, that can be used for both terrains, represented by Triangulated Irregular Networks(TINs), and 3D data, such as geological data, represented by tetrahedral meshes. We have based our approach on a general multi-resolution model, that we have proposed in our previous work, which supports the extraction of variable-resolution representations. As first step, we have developed, in a prototype simulation system, a large number of clustering techniques for the modifications in a multi-resolution model. Here, we describe such techniques, and analyze and evaluate them experimentally. The result of this investigation has led us to select a specific clustering approach as the basis for an efficient out-of-core data structure.

Encoding information into constant weight words

Abstract: We present here a new algorithm for encoding binary information into words of prescribed length and weight. Existing solutions use a combinatorial approach and, though they are optimal in terms of information theory, they have a rather high algorithmic complexity as they require the computation of binomial coefficients. The solution we propose has linear complexity. The price to pay is variable length encoding and a small loss of (information theoretic) efficiency

Multi-pass video encoding

Abstract: Some embodiments of the invention provide a multi-pass encoding method that encodes several images (e.g., several frames of a video sequence). The method iteratively performs an encoding operation that encodes these images (Figure 1, 110). The encoding operation is based on a nominal quantization parameter, which the method uses to compute quantization parameters for the images (132). During several different iterations of the encoding operation, the method uses several different nominal quantization parameters (125). The method stops its iterations (140) when it reaches a terminating criterion (e.g., it identifies an acceptable encoding of the images).

Moving image encoding method and apparatus

Abstract: A moving image encoding method of the present invention is a moving image encoding method for encoding a moving image while switching between variable-length encoding schemes. In this method, a continuous unit to be continuously reproduced is determined (S5201); a stream is generated by encoding the moving image without switching between variable-length encoding schemes in the continuous unit (S5202); and management information is generated that includes a first flag information indicating that a variable-length encoding scheme is fixed in the continuous unit (S5204, and S5205).

Performance adaptive video encoding with concurrent decoding

Abstract: An encoder circuit, a task scheduler circuit and a decoder circuit. The encoder circuit may be configured to (i) generate one or more first status signals in response to one or more report signals and (ii) perform video encoding tasks based on available central processing unit (CPU) cycles and memory bandwidth. The task scheduler circuit may be configured to (i) generate a control signal and the one or more report signals in response to the one or more first status signals. The decoder circuit may be configured to (i) generate one or more second status signals and (ii) perform concurrent decoding while the encoder circuit performs adaptive video encoding tasks in response to the control signal.

Memory mapping apparatus and method for video decoder/encoder

Abstract: A memory mapping apparatus and a method in a video decoder/encoder utilize a dividing unit, a storage unit and a memory allocation unit. The dividing unit divides picture data into macroblocks and divides each of the macroblocks, which are units of encoding, into partitions having a predetermined size. A storage unit comprises at least one memory bank which is independently accessible. A memory allocation unit allocates adjacent partitions to different memory banks. Accordingly, a total number of cycles necessary to read and write the picture data is reduced.

High speed syndrome-based FEC encoder and system using same

Abstract: A decoder, encoder and corresponding system are disclosed for providing fast Forward Error Correcting (FEC) decoding and encoding of syndrome-based error correcting codes. Three-parallel processing is performed by elements of the system. More particularly, in an illustrative embodiment, a decoder performs three-parallel syndrome generation and error determination and calculations, and an encoder performs three-parallel encoding. Low power and complexity techniques are used to save cost and power yet provide relatively high speed encoding and decoding.

Single pass constrained constant bit-rate encoding

Abstract: Data, such as video data, is encoded by identifying a data segment to be encoded. The data segment includes multiple frames. A bit-rate profile for encoding the data segment is generated. The bit-rate profile defines a number of bits associated with each frame in the data segment. Frames are encoded using the bit-rate profile. The bit-rate profile is updated periodically to incorporate past encoding statistics and compensate for any encoding bits deviations from the initial profile.

Method and apparatus for scalably encoding and decoding colour video

Abstract: A scalable encoding and decoding method and apparatus based on color information of moving pictures are provided. The color video encoding method comprises: generating an encoded luminance bitstream by encoding a luminance component using a motion prediction based encoding method; and generating at least one encoded chrominance bitstream by encoding at least one color format chrominance component using a motion vector generated by the motion prediction based encoding method. Using this method, storage, transmission, and reproduction of a moving picture can be efficiently performed by scalably encoding the moving picture according to a color format in which the moving picture is encoded.

Image encoding apparatus and image encoding method

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an image encoding apparatus and image encoding method in which compressibility in a division boundary is improved and image quality can also be improved in the image encoding apparatus which divides an input image and performs intra-picture predictive encoding SOLUTION: In an image encoding apparatus 1 comprising an image divider 20 for dividing an input image into a plurality of images and a plurality of encoders 40 to 42 each provided in accordance with each of the divided images, encoding a divided image inputted from the image divider 20 and comprising a frame memory 58 for storing local decoding information, at least one of the plurality of encoders 40 to 42 performs intra-picture predictive encoding and comprises input buffers 30 to 32 for shifting the start of encoding divided images between the encoder 41 and the encoder 40, and a signal line 60 for connecting the frame memories 58 with each other COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT

Image encoding device

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an image encoding device capable of increasing the accuracy of still determination, encoding efficiency and image quality in encoding of moving video signals having an interlace structure.SOLUTION: The image encoding device includes: a still region information acquisition unit that acquires a piece of still region information in an encoding field; a reference field selection unit that selects a reference field to be referred by an encoding target field according to the acquired still region information from an encoded field; and an encoding unit that encodes a field as an encoding target using the reference field. Even in the case of an image which contains many still background and in which a part of objects moves, movement compensation can be made efficiently; thus, encoding efficiency of the image and the image quality can be increased.

Projecting light patterns encoding correspondence information

Abstract: In one aspect, a sequence of light patterns including cells having respective patterns of light symbols is projected onto a scene. The projected sequence of light patterns encodes pixels in a projection plane with respective temporal pixel codes corresponding to respective temporal sequences of light symbols coinciding with the locations of corresponding pixels. The projected sequence of light patterns uniquely encodes cells in the projection plane with respective temporal cell codes including respective sets of temporal pixel codes corresponding to respective sequences of light pattern cells. Respective temporal sequences of light patterns reflected from the scene are captured at regions of a capture plane. A correspondence mapping between the regions of the capture plane and corresponding cells in the projection plane is determined based at least in part on correspondence between the respective light pattern sequences captured at the capture plane regions and the temporal cell codes projected from the projection plane.

Moving image encoding apparatus and moving image processing apparatus

Abstract: To perform an adequate encoding process while cutting a data transfer amount in an encoding process of moving images. A moving image processing apparatus 1 has a motion detection/motion compensation processing portions 80 as a coprocessor for performing a motion detection process as a process of a large calculation amount added to a processor 10 for managing an entire encoding or decoding process of a moving image, and has a buffer addressed to a plurality of memory banks by interleaving. A procedure for reading image data on the motion detection process is a predetermined method, and a section capable of adequately handling a case of reducing read image data is provided. As for the moving image processing apparatus according to the present invention, it is possible, with such a configuration, to perform an adequate encoding process while reducing a data transfer amount in the encoding process of the moving image.

Instruction set extensions for Reed-Solomon encoding and decoding

Abstract: Reed-Solomon codes are an important class of error correcting codes used in many applications related to communications and digital storage. The fundamental operations in Reed-Solomon encoding and decoding involve Galois field arithmetic which is not directly supported in general purpose processors. On the other hand, pure hardware implementations of Reed-Solomon coders are not programmable. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm to perform Reed-Solomon encoding. We also propose four new instructions for Galois field arithmetic. We show that by using the instructions, we can speedup Reed-Solomon decoding by a factor of 12 compared to a pure software approach, while still maintaining programmability.

Semiconductor device which is low in power and high in speed and is highly integrated

Abstract: A write operation of a MRAM in which a current necessary for inverting magnetization of an MTJ element has to be passed through a data line and therefore current consumption is large. The write operation comprises: comparing input data DI with read data GO read from a memory cell array and encoding the input data DI to form write data GI by a data encoder WC; and decoding the read data GO by a data decoder RD to form output data DO. In a nonvolatile semiconductor memory in which the current is passed through the data line to write data into a memory cell, the number of bits to be written during the write operation is reduced, and the current consumption can be reduced. This can realize the MRAM including a low-power highly-integrated memory.

Adaptive bit allocation for multi-channel audio encoding

Abstract: The invention provides a highly efficient technique for encoding a multi-channel audio signal. The invention relies on the basic principle of encoding a first signal representation of one or more of the multiple channels in a first encoder (130) and encoding a second signal representation of one or more of the multiple channels in a second, multi-stage, encoder (140). This procedure is significantly enhanced by providing a controller (150) for adaptively allocating a number of encoding bits among the different encoding stages of the second, multi-stage, encoder (140) in dependence on multi-channel audio signal characteristics.

Time Encoding of Bandlimited Signals, an Overview ∗

Abstract: Time encoding is a real-time, asynchronous mechanism for encoding the amplitude information of an analog bandlimited signal into a time sequence, or time codes, based on which the signal can be reconstructed Time codes can be generated by simple nonlinear asynchronous analog circuits with low power consumption The circuits generating the time codes and the procedures carrying out the reconstruction are referred to as Time Encoding Machines (TEMs) and Time Decoding Machines (TDMs), respectively We give an overview of this novel information representation modality

Systems and methods for authenticating objects using multiple-level image encoding and decoding

Abstract: A method of producing a digital multiple-level encoded image is presented. The method comprises obtaining a digital authentication image, obtaining a first encoding parameter set comprising one or more encoding parameters, and constructing a first encoded image. The first encoded image is constructed using a first encoding methodology, the digital authentication image and the first encoding parameter set. The method further comprises obtaining a second encoding parameter set comprising one or more encoding parameters and constructing a second encoded image using a second encoding methodology, the first encoded image and the second encoding parameter set. The second encoded image may be decoded to reveal the first encoded image using a decoder having characteristics corresponding to at least a portion of the encoding parameters of the second encoding parameter set. The first encoded image may be decoded to reveal the authentication image using a decoder having characteristics corresponding to at least a portion of the encoding parameters of the first encoding parameter set.