Showing papers on "Ethylene published in 1974"

The Mechanism of the Selective Oxidation of Ethylene to Ethylene Oxide

Abstract: The modern petrochemical industry relies on several hydrocarbon raw materials: methane, ethylene, propylene, butene, higher olefins, and the aromatics. Some of the most important processes that suc...

Ethylene polymer blend and polymerization process for preparation thereof

Abstract: A high density ethylene polymer blend having improved impact strength and environmental stress crack resistance comprises a high molecular weight, non-elastomeric ethylene/propylene copolymer having a crystallinity of at least 5 percent and an intermediate molecular weight, high density ethylene polymer. The improved ethylene polymer blend is provided by a dual zone, low pressure, Ziegler solution polymerization process wherein (1) ethylene and propylene are copolymerized at a low pressure and solution temperatures in presence of a titanium-containing catalyst in an auxiliary polymerization zone, (2) ethylene is polymerized in a primary polymerization zone at low pressure and solution temperature in the presence of a titanium-containing catalyst and (3) the resulting solutions of the reaction products of both zones are combined to form an essentially homogeneous mixture.

Effect of water stress upon endogenous ethylene levels in vicia faba

Abstract: Summary Conditions of drought or waterlogging lead to greatly increased internal ethylene concentrations in Vida faba L. These increases appear to be due partly to decreased diffusion and partly to increased synthesis and are superimposed on normal diurnal fluctuations in internal ethylene concentration. The higher concentrations observed are correlated with a reduction in growth rate and increased leaf and flower abscission and senescence. The role of ethylene in the mediation of developmental responses to water stress is discussed.

Plasma Polymerization of Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Abstract: : A series of nine saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons were polymerized by subjecting them to a radio frequency glow discharge at reduced pressures. It was found that acetylene polymerizes most rapidly, followed by ethylene and butadiene, then by propylene, cis-2-butene and isobutylene. The saturated alkanes: methane, ethane, and propane polymerize most slowly. Infrared spectra of the polymers made of ethane ethylene, and acetylene showed that with increasing monomer unsaturation the polymer contained more double bonds, fewer methylene groups, and a greater tendency to be oxidized after preparation. An examination of the mechanism of ethylene polymerization led to the conclusion that a significant amount of oligomerization occurs in the gas phase. In addition it is hypothesized that an important initial step is the partial conversion of ethylene to acetylene.

Polyethylene oxide terephthalate polymers

Abstract: Novel terephthalate polymers containing ethylene terephthalate and polyethylene oxide terephthalate units in specific molar ratios and a process for imparting improved soil release properties to fabrics by treating said fabrics with a dilute aqueous solution of said polymers are provided.

Infrared chemiluminescence studies of the reaction of fluorine atoms with monosubstituted ethylene compounds

Abstract: The technique of arrested relaxation infrared chemiluminescence has been utilized for the observation of emission from the polyatomic substitution products of fluorine atom reactions with ethylene, propene, vinyl chloride, and vinyl bromide. A new apparatus for performing such experiments is described. The entire apparatus, including the scanning Michelson interferometer used in obtaining the emission spectra, is cooled to liquid nitrogen temperatures or lower. The resulting improvement in signal to noise ratio allows emission spectra to be recorded down to frequencies as low as 720 cm−1. Analysis of the chemiluminescence data allows the determination of the partitioning of reaction energy over the product vibrational modes. The results indicate statistical partitioning occurs for the vinyl chloride and bromide reactions, while the ethylene and propene reactions exhibit nonstatistical partitioning. The difference in energy partitioning for these reactions is attributed to the existence of a potential energy barrier in the exit channel for the latter two reactions, while no such barrier exists for the former reactions.

Formation of Ethylene by a Soil Fungus

Abstract: SUMMARY: Methionine is a substrate for ethylene formation in Mucor hiemalis, but glucose is also required for maximal ethylene production. The formation of ethylene from these substrates in a defined mineral salts medium was studied both with sealed shaken flasks and with a chemostat. Oxygen promoted growth and ethylene production per unit weight of organism. That anaerobic conditions appear to be necessary to observe ethylene accumulation in the soil is probably because soil anaerobiosis mobilizes the substrates required for ethylene biosynthesis.

Effects of Reaction Conditions on the Plasma Polymerization of Ethylene.

Abstract: Ehylene can be polymerized at low pressures in a radio-frequency glow discharge. The form of the resulting polymer may be a powder at low pressure (1 to 2 Torr) and low monomer feed rate (10 to 40 cc/min), a colorless film at low pressure and high feed rate (70 to 90 cc/min), or an oil at high pressure (4 to 5 Torr) and high feed rate. The powder and film forms of plasma-polymerized ethylene are insoluble in common organic solvents, indicating a highly cross-linked structure. The oily products, however, are soluble in acetone and xylene. Chemical evidence indicates that the oil is most likely composed of highly branched oligomers of ethylene. Mass spectrometric analysis of the gaseous effluents show that under film-forming conditions the only hydrocarbon species observable are those derived from ethylene. The powder- and oil-forming conditions, on the other hand, yielded oligomeric species. On the basis of this evidence, a mechanism for the plasma-polymerization of ethylene is proposed.

Biodegradable surfactants derived from corn starch

Abstract: Polyol glucosides, prepared by reacting corn starch with ethylene glycol or glycerol, were used to make biodegradable surfactants. The hydroxyl sites of the glycosides were first partially polyalkoxylated with ethylene oxide or a mixture of ethylene and propylene oxides. The resulting derivatives then were reacted with various long chain epoxides or fatty esters. A good hydrophilic-lipophilic balance in these products was achieved by controlling the number of alkoxide and aliphatic groups/anhydroglucose unit. Surface active properties of these products were destroyed rapidly by the bacteria of an activated sludge. This excellent biodegradability property was attributed to the presence of the glycoside unit.

Factors Affecting the Reduction of Acetylene by Rhizobium-Soybean Cell Associations in Vitro

Abstract: The acetylene reduction assay was used to measure presumed N(2)-reducing activity in Rhizobium-soybean cell associations in vitro. No acetylene reduction was observed in liquid suspensions of these organisms, but cells plated onto an agar medium from a liquid suspension of Rhizobium and soybean cells exhibited acetylene-dependent production of ethylene after 7 to 14 days. Aggregates of soybean cells 0.5 to 2.0 mm in diameter were required for this activity. Decreasing oxygen from 0.20 atm to 0.10, 0.04, or 0.00 atm completely inhibited acetylene reduction. The presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or kinetin increased endogenous ethylene production and inhibited acetylene-dependent ethylene production. Acetylene reduction was observed with three out of four strains of R. japonicum tested, and three rhizobial strains, which produce root nodules on cowpeas but not soybeans, formed an association capable of acetylene-dependent ethylene production.

Composition with selected vinyl compounds and process for avoiding scorching of ethylene polymer composition

Abstract: Vulcanizable ethylene polymer based compositions which are susceptible to scorching when processed at elevated temperatures, prior to vulcanization, in the presence of certain organic peroxide compounds, are protected against such scorching by the incorporation therein of monomeric vinyl compounds having the structure ##EQU1## wherein R'" is C 1 -C 3 hydrocarbon and A is phenyl, C 1 -C 6 hydrocarbon substituted phenyl, or ##EQU2## wherein R o is a C 4 to C 20 hydrocarbon radical. The hydrocarbon radicals are devoid of allyl or vinyl unsaturation.

Method of producing butene-1

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing butene-1. According to the invention, the method of producing butene-1 resides in dimerizing ethylene in the presence of a complex organometallic catalyst of the formula (RO)3 TiR' .AlR2 "OR + AlR2 "R', where R is an alkyl radical with from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, R' = R or H, R" is the same as R, or a catalyst having the formula Ti(OR)4 + AlR2 "R' and modifiers such as (C5 H5)2 TiCl2, oxygen, metaphenylenediamine or N-phenyl-β-naphthylamine, in the medium of solvents such as n-heptane, n-decane, toluene, diethyl ether, ethyl chloride, vinylbutyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, diphenyl ether, methylphenyl ether and mixtures thereof. The invention will find application in petrochemical processing.

Process for the manufacture of co-oriented laminated ethylene polymer films

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the co-orientation lamination of at least one ethylene polymer film (A) with at least one ethylene polymer film (B). The polymer of film (A) is of higher melting point than the polymer of film (B). The preferred ethylene polymers are ethylene homopolymers and ethylene-butene-l copolymers. The laminates produced may be heat sealed.

Carbon isotopic fractionations associated with acetic acid production by Acetobacter suboxydans

Abstract: Acetobacter suboxydans, strain 8.3, was grown using ethanol, made by the hydration of ethylene, as the sole energy source. After the microorganism had oxidized some of the ethanol to acetic acid, the unassimilated alcohol and produced acetic acid were isolated from the supernatant. Carbon isotopic analyses of these compounds and the starting ethanol show: (1) the methyl carbon of the starting alcohol is enriched in carbon-13 by 4.6% relative to the hydroxyl carbon, (2) the starting alcohol contains 2% less carbon-13 than the unassimilated ethanol and (3) the carboxyl carbon of the acetic acid excreted by the A. suboxydans is enriched by 3.8% in carbon-13 relative to the methyl carbon. These results support earlier findings which indicate that organisms preferentially utilize compounds enriched in carbon-12 and tend to concentrate carbon-12 in the reduced carbons relative to the oxidized carbons of metabolic products.