Showing papers on "Fatty acid published in 1975"
TL;DR: The structural relationships of 30 straight-chain fatty acids and derivatives and their bactericidal properties were studied and it is indicated that C12 (lauric acid) is the most inhibitory saturated fatty acid against gram-positive organisms.
Abstract: There is provided a food-grade microbicidal or microbiostatic composition containing a food or food-grade material and as the primary microbicide a mono-ester of a polyol and a twelve carbon atom aliphatic fatty acid.
993 citations
TL;DR: A review of the available information about fatty acid binding to plasma albumin is presented, and stepwise association constants for binding to human albumin of fatty acids containing 6-18 carbon atoms indicate that each mole of fatty acid binds with a different affinity.
915 citations
TL;DR: Rat electroretinograms were measured as a function of dietary supplements of purified ethyl esters of linolenic Acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid to investigate the electrical response of photoreceptor cell membranes to polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from precursors.
Abstract: Rat electroretinograms were measured as a function of dietary supplements of purified ethyl esters of linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from precursors of linolenic and linoleic acids appear to be important functional components of photoreceptor cell membranes, although in equal dietary concentrations, linolenic acid precursors affect electroretinogram amplitudes to a greater extent than linoleic acid precursors. The electrical response of photoreceptor cell membranes appears to be a function of the position of the double bonds as well as a function of the total number of double bonds in fatty acid supplements.
347 citations
TL;DR: The sum total of the evidence from animal experiments suggests that increased circulating concentrations of free fatty acids and catecholamines, if sufficiently high, may be harmful rather than helpful to the outcome of acute myocardial infarction, and that increased provision of glucose may be beneficial.
Abstract: The myocardial metabolism of free fatty acids, glucose and catecholamines is reviewed in relation to current trends in the therapy of experimental myocardial infarction. Major modifications in the metabolism of free fatty acids, glucose and catecholamines have already been found after acute myocardial infarction in man, and animal experimental data suggest that such metabolic changes might play a role in the modification of infarct size and sometimes in the development of arrhythmias. However, animal experiments often represent extreme situations and the therapeutic use in man of agents to modify the metabolism of free fatty acids, glucose or catecholamines after myocardial infarction needs intensive investigation before general application. The sum total of the evidence from animal experiments suggests that increased circulating concentrations of free fatty acids and catecholamines, if sufficiently high, may be harmful rather than helpful to the outcome of acute myocardial infarction, and that increased provision of glucose (as glucose, insulin and potassium) may be beneficial. Reservations to these conclusions are that the concentrations used appear to be important factors in catecholamine and free fatty acid effects, and that the mechanism of action of glucose-insulin-potassium is more complex than originally thought.
318 citations
TL;DR: The available evidence suggests that in the chicken, and presumably other avian species, fatty acids are synthesized in liver and are transported as triglycerides in the plasma low-density lipoproteins to the adipose tissue for storage.
291 citations
TL;DR: The binding of six physiologically important long chain fatty acids to defatted human plasma albumin was measured in a calcium-free Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, and results were inconclusive concerning whether premicellar association of unbound fatty acid occurs.
272 citations
TL;DR: Turbot and rainbow trout, which had previously received diets free of fat, were fed fatty acids and the major product of the limited modification found in turbot was the dietary acid elongated by 2 carbon atoms.
Abstract: Turbot and rainbow trout, which had previously received diets free of fat, were fed [1-14C] fatty acids. The distribution of radioactivity in the tissue fatty acids was examined 6 days later. In rainbow trout fed [1-14C] 18∶3ω3, 70% of the radioactivity was present in 22∶6ω3 fatty acid. In contrast, turbot fed [1-14C] 18∶1ω9, 18∶2ω6, or 18∶3ω3 converted only small amounts of labeled fatty acids (3–15%) into fatty acids of longer chain length. The major product of the limited modification found in turbot was the dietary acid elongated by 2 carbon atoms.
262 citations
TL;DR: The fatty acid synthase complex exists in mammalian and avian liver in the soluble portion of the cell in the presence of malonyl-CoA and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH).
Abstract: Publisher Summary The fatty acid synthase complex exists in mammalian and avian liver in the soluble portion of the cell. Negligible activity for the de novo synthesis of fatty acids is associated with the microsomal and mitochondrial fractions. The fatty acid synthase complex can be assayed by either radiochemical or spectrophotometric methods. In the radioisotopic method, incorporation of 1- 14 C-labeled acetyl-CoA into fatty acids is measured in the presence of malonyl-CoA and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). This method is reliable for either crude or purified enzyme preparations. The spectrophotometric method measures the malonyl-CoA- and acetyl-CoA-dependent rate of oxidation of NADPH at 340 nm and is best suited for purified enzyme preparations. However, it can be used with crude preparations providing appropriate corrections are made. A unit of enzymatic activity is defined as the amount of enzyme protein required to synthesize 1 nmole of palmitic acid (equivalent to the oxidation of 14 nmoles of NADPH) per minute under the conditions of the assay. The specific activity is defined as the number of activity units per milligram of protein. Protein is determined by the biuret method.
257 citations
TL;DR: The findings suggest that the increased fatty acid flux through the carnitine acyltransferase reaction brought about by glucagon excess, with or without insulin deficiency, is mediated, at least in part, by elevation in the liver carnite concentration.
Abstract: The enhancement of long-chain fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis in the perfused rat liver, whether induced acutely by treatment of fed animals with anti-insulin serum or glucagon, or over the longer term by starvation or the induction of alloxan diabetes, was found to ba accompanied by a proportional elevation in the tissue carnitine content. Moreover, when added to the medium perfusing livers from fed rats, carnitine stimulated ketogenesis from oleic acid. The findings suggest that the increased fatty acid flux through the carnitine acyltransferase (carnitine palmitoyl-transferase; palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase; EC 2.3.1.21) reaction brought about by glucagon excess, with or without insulin deficiency, is mediated, at least in part, by elevation in the liver carnitine concentration.
249 citations
TL;DR: A wide range of naturally occurring polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown to exhibit EFA activity, but they can be classified into two homologous series characterised by the position of the terminal double bonds relative to the methyl (omega) carbon atom.
Abstract: MOST vertebrate species require some dietary source of essential fatty acids (EFAs)1,2. A wide range of naturally occurring polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown to exhibit EFA activity, but they can be classified into two homologous series characterised by the position of the terminal double bonds relative to the methyl (omega) carbon atom. The ω6 series of EFAs all have double bonds in the ω6 and ω9 positions, the ω3 series in the ω3, ω6 and ω9 positions. The metabolic interrelationships of the members of each series are shown in Fig. 1. The naturally occurring 18-carbon parent compounds for each series are linoleic acid (18:2 ω6) and linolenic acid (18:3 ω3) and EFA requirements are usually stated in terms of either or both ot these parent EFAs (p-EFAs)1,3.
226 citations
TL;DR: A soluble enzyme preparation from Bacillus megaterium, previously shown to hydroxylate free fatty acids to isomeric mixtures of Omega-1, Omega-2 and Omega-3 monohydroxy fatty acids in the presence of NADPH and O2, has now been shown to act also on fatty amides but not only hydrocarbons or fatty acid methyl esters.
TL;DR: Based on the fact that the matrix vesicles were significantly enriched in free cholesterol, sphingomyelin, glycolipids and serine-phosphoglycerides, it is concluded that they are derived from the plasma membrane of the cell, supporting earlier conclusions based upon morphological and enzymological evidence.
TL;DR: The results are consistent with the possibility that the activity of carnitine acyltransferase, and thus ketogenic capacity, is subject to bihormonal control through the relative blood concentrations of insulin and glucagon, as also appears to be the case with hepatic carbohydrate metabolism.
Abstract: The enhanced capacity for long-chain fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis that develops in the rat liver between 6 and 9 h after the onset of starvation was shown to be inducible much more rapidly by administration of anti-insulin serum or glucagon to fed rats. After only 1 h of treatment with either agent, the liver had clearly switched from a "nonketogenic" to a "ketogenic" profile, as determined by rates of acetoacetate and b-hydroxybutyrate production on perfusion with oleic acid. As was the case after starvation, the administration of insulin antibodies or glucagon resulted in depletion of hepatic glycogen stores and a proportional increase in the ability of the liver to oxidize long-chain fatty acids and (-)-octanoylcarnitine, suggesting that all three treatment schedules activated the carnitine acyltransferase system of enzymes. In contrast to anti-insulin serum, which produced marked elevations in plasma glucose, free fatty acid, and ketone body concentrations, glucagon treatment had little effect on any of these parameters, presumably due to enhanced insulin secretion after the initial stimulation of glycogenolysis. Thus, after treatment with glucagon alone, it was possible to obtain a "ketogenic" liver from a nonketotic animal. The results are consistent with the possibility that the activity of carnitine acyltransferase, and thus ketogenic capacity, is subject to bihormonal control through the relative blood concentrations of insulin and glucagon, as also appears to be the case with hepatic carbohydrate metabolism.
TL;DR: The results of the present experiments suggested that dietary 20∶4 and 22∶6 were important sources of brain 20∷4 and 21∷6 in the developing rat and possible reasons for these differences are discussed.
Abstract: The incorporation of radioactivity from orally administered linoleic acid-1-14C, linolenic acid-1-14C, arachidonic acid-3Hg, and docosahexaenoic acid-14C into the liver and brain lipids of suckling rats was studied. In both tissues, 22 hr after dosing, 2 distinct levels of incorporation were observed: a low uptake (from 18∶2-1-14C and 18∶3-1-14C) and a high uptake (from 20∶4-3H8 and 22∶6-14C). In adult rats, the incorporation of radioactivity into brain lipids from 18∶2-1-14C and 20∶4-3H was considerably lower than the incorporation into the brains of the young rats. In the livers of the suckling rats, the activity from the 18 carbon acids was associated mostly with the triglyceride fraction, whereas the activity from the 20∶4-3H8 and 22∶6-14C was concentrated in the phospholipid fraction. In the brain lipids, the activity from the different fatty acids was associated predominantly with the phospholipids. In the liver and brain phospholipid fatty acids, some of the activity in the 18∶2-1-14C and 18∶3-1-14C experiments was associated with 20 and 22 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids; however, radioactivity from orally administered 20∶4-3H8 and 22∶6-14C was incorporated intact into the tissue phospholipid to a much greater extent compared with the incorporation of radioactivity into 20∶4 and 22∶6 in the experiments where 18∶2-1-14C and 18∶3-1-14C, respectively, were administered. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. Rat milk contains a wide spectrum of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including linoleate, linolenate, arachidonate, and docosahexaenoate. During the suckling period in the rat, there is a rapid deposition of 20∶4 and 22∶6 in the brain. The results of the present experiments suggested that dietary 20∶4 and 22∶6 were important sources of brain 20∶4 and 22∶6 in the developing rat.
TL;DR: The microsomal fraction of sheep vesicular glands has been found to oxygenate 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran, luminol, and the carcinogenic hydrocarbon benzopyrene when incubated with arachidonic acid and the ability of various sulfur reagents to inhibit co-oxygenation is probably related to their ability to stimulate the conversion of the intermediate to prostaglandins.
TL;DR: The hypothesis that clinical and biochemical essential fatty acid deficiency (EFA) might occur from the feeding of eucaloric, fat-free diets was tested in two experiments in healthy men and found that the EFA deficiency readily develops when fat- free diets containing glucose are given intravenously or orally as constant 24-h infusions.
Abstract: The hypothesis that clinical and biochemical essential fatty acid deficiency (EFA) might occur from the feeding of eucaloric, fat-free diets was tested in two experiments in healthy men. In Study I, eight men were given fat-free, eucaloric diets containing 80% of calories as glucose and 20% as amino acid hydrolysates by a constant drip over a 24-h period. The diets were fed in succession for periods of 2 wk each, either through a superior vena cava catheter or via a nasogastric tube. EFA deficiency was detected by decreases in linoleic acid and by the appearance of 5, 8, 11-eicosatrienoic acid in lipid fractions of plasma. Linoleic acid decreased significantly during 2 wk of the fat-free diet given intravenously from 48.8 to 9.8% (percent of total fatty acids) in cholesterol esters, from 21.2 to 3.2% in phospholipids, from 9.6 to 2.0% in free fatty acids, and from 14.1 to 2.6% in triglycerides. Eicosatrienoic acid, normally undetectable, appeared 0.6% in cholesterol esters, 2.5% in phospholipids, 0.2% in free fatty acids, and 2.3% in triglycerides. EFA deficiency occurred similarly during the nasogastric feeding. In Study II a subject received the same diet continuously by the nasogastric route for 10 days followed by a 24-h fast. He was then given the fat-free diet intermittently in three meals per day for 3 days. Finally, he was repleted with a diet containing 2.6% linoleic acid. By the 3rd day of the continuous nasogastric feeding, linoleic acid had fallen significantly and eicosatrienoic acid had appeared in plasma lipid fractions as in Study I. These findings were accentuated by day 10. Adipose tissue fatty acid composition did not change. Free fatty acid outflow from adipose tissue was presumably suppressed during the 10 days of continuous feeding. With increased free fatty acid outflow during fasting and intermittent feeding, linoleic acid rose and eicosatrienoic acid decreased. After 13 days of repletion with dietary linoleic acid, the EFA deficiency readily develops when fat-free diets containing glucose are given intravenously or orally as constant 24-h infusions. These diets are similar to the hyperalimentation formulas now being used clinically.
TL;DR: In a general approach to the study of the interactions between phospholipids and proteins in biological membranes, a variety of fatty acids containing photosensitive groups in different positions in the alkyl chains has been synthesized.
Abstract: In a general approach to the study, in vivo and in vitro, of the interactions between phospholipids and proteins in biological membranes, a variety of fatty acids containing photosensitive groups in different positions in the alkyl chains has been synthesized The fatty acids synthesized include: 16-azidopalmitelaidic acid, 12-azidooleic acid, 6-, 9-, 11-, and 12-azidostearic acid, 12-omicron-(ethyl-2-diazomalonyl)stearic and -oleic acids, 12-omicron-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)stearic and -oleic acids, and 12-oxo-10-octadecenoic acid Some of the above synthetic fatty acids were also prepared in the radioactively labeled form For in vitro studies, many of the above fatty acids were used to acylate the 2 position in the preparation of a number of mixed acylphosphatidylcholines and mixed acylphosphatidylethanolamines On sonication, the synthetic phospholipids formed sealed vesicles Intermolecular cross-linking of the fatty acyl chains in phospholipids was demonstrated on photolysis of the vesicles
TL;DR: Rat liver microsomes were used to measure the rates of chain elongation and desaturation of acids in the linoleate, oleate and palmitoleate biosynthetic pathways to determine whether there is a relationship between rates of conversion and the types of unsaturated fatty acids found in rat liver lipids.
TL;DR: Light is shed on the relative significance of liver and adipose tissue in fatty acid synthesis in mice, on the mino importance of glucose in hepatic lipogenesis, and on the alterations in the rate of fatty acids synthesis in genetically obese mice.
Abstract: 1. The synthesis of long-chain fatty acids de novo was measured in the liver and in regions of adipose tissue in intact normal and genetically obses mice throughout the daily 24h cycle. 2. The total rate of synthesis, as measured by the rate of incorporation of 3H from 3H2O into fatty acid, was highest during the dark period, in liver and adipose tissue of lean or obese mice. 3. The rate of incorporation of 14C from [U-14C]glucose into fatty acid was also followed (in the same mice). The 14C/3H ratios were higher by a factor of 5-20 in parametrial and scapular fat than that in liver. This difference was less marked during the dark period (of maximum fatty acid synthesis). 4. In normal mice, the total rate of fatty acid synthesis in the liver was about twofold greater than that in all adipose tissue regions combined. 5. In obese mice, the rate of fatty acid synthesis was more rapid than in lean mice, in both liver and adipose tissue. Most of the extra lipogenesis occurred in adipose tissue. The extra hepatic fatty acids synthesized in obese mice were located in triglyceride rather than phospholipid. 6. In adipose tissue of normal mice, the rate of fatty acid synthesis was most rapid in the intra-abdominal areas and in brown fat. In obese mice, all regions exhibited rapid rates of fatty acid synthesis. 7. These results shed light on the relative significance of liver and adipose tissue (i.e. the adipose 'organ') in fatty acid synthesis in mice, on the mino importance of glucose in hepatic lipogenesis, and on the alterations in the rate of fatty acid synthesis in genetically obese mice.
TL;DR: The findings suggest that the function of GTP which is mediated by the hormone is the temperature-sensitive event which is enhanced by the fatty acid.
Abstract: Activation of the adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1[ from turkey erythrocytes by isoproterenol decreased precipitously below 26 degrees. Certain unsaturated fatty acids enhanced the activation by isoproterenol up to 25-fold at reduced temperatures. The fatty acid also enhanced the formation of a persistent active state of the enzyme which was produced by preincubation with guanosine 5'-(beta,gamma-imino)triphosphate [Gpp(NH)p]. Once the enzyme had been activated by Gpp(NH)p plus isoproterenol the reaction rate was no longer as temperature sensitive and the fatty acid had little effect. The synthetic Gpp(NH)p apparently substituted for the natural GTP, which is known to play a regulatory role in the adenylate cyclase system. The findings suggest that the function of GTP which is mediated by the hormone is the temperature-sensitive event which is enhanced by the fatty acid. The use of free fatty acid to probe membrane-associated reactions in intact cells and in isolated membrane preparations is proposed.
TL;DR: Both long- and short-term exposure experiments showed that isoniazid inhibited the synthesis of saturated fatty acids greater than C26 and of unsaturated fatty acidsgreater than C24, and these fatty acids may be precursors of mycolic acids.
TL;DR: Five strictly anaerobic bacteria able to hydrogenate unsaturated fatty acids were isolated from sheep rumen and one of which is named as a new species, Fusocillus spp.
Abstract: Five strictly anaerobic bacteria able to hydrogenate unsaturated fatty acids were isolated from sheep rumen. One was characterized as Ruminococcus albus, two as Eubacterium spp. and two as Fusocillus spp., one of which is named as a new species. The Fusocillus organisms were able to hydrogenate oleic acid and linoleic acid to stearic acid, and linolenic acid to cis-octadec-15-enoic acid. The R. albus and the two Eubacteria did not hydrogenate oleic acid but converted linoleic and linolenic acids to a mixture of octadecenoic acids; trans-octadec-II-enoic acid predominated but several isomeric cis and trans octadecenoic acids were produced together with isomers of non-conjugated octadecadienoic acids. The intermediate and final products of hydrogenation by each organism were compatible with the results from mixed rumen bacteria.
TL;DR: Palmitoleic, palmitic, eicosapentaenoic and myristic acids were the most prevalent fatty acids and 18-carbon fatty acids were rare.
Abstract: 1. 1. Diatoms in the genera Nitzschia, Phaeodactylum, Amphora, Navicula, Thallasiosira, Biddulphia and Fragilaria were compared for sterol, fatty acid and elemental composition. 2. 2. 24-Methyl-22-dehydrocholesterol (probably the 24S isomer) was the major sterol in five species, 24-ethyl-22-dehydrocholesterol (probably stigma-sterol) was the major sterol in two species and cholesterol the major sterol in one species. Complex mixtures of sterols occurred in three species. 3. 3. Palmitoleic, palmitic, eicosapentaenoic and myristic acids were the most prevalent fatty acids. Eighteen-carbon fatty acids were rare. 4. 4. High sodium concentrations were observed for most species while the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, potassium and nitrogen were typical for algae.
TL;DR: The possibility that the phospholipase A2 of human platelets is an endoenzyme because of its tendency to act on those phospholIPids that are thought to comprise the inner layer of the cell membrane is raised.
TL;DR: Non-starch and starch lipids from a high grade spring wheat flour and three grades of winter wheat flour were separated by thin-layer chromatography and quantified as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by gas-liquid chromatography using heptadecanoic acid (or its methyl ester) as internal standard.
Abstract: Wheat flour non-starch lipids (lipids not bound to starch) were quantitatively extracted with water-saturated n-butanol (WSB), benzene-ethanol-water (10:10:1, by vol.) or ethanol-diethyl ether-water (2:2:1, by vol.) in 10min at 20 °C. Starch lipids (lipids bound to starch) were subsequently extracted with WSB at 90–100 °C. Carotenoid pigments were quantitatively extracted with the non-starch lipids. There was no significant hydrolysis of esterified fatty acids and no detectable autoxidation of unsaturated acids in the hot solvent extracts. Non-starch and starch lipids from a high grade spring wheat flour and three grades of winter wheat flour were separated by thin-layer chromatography and quantified as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by gas-liquid chromatography (g.l.c.) using heptadecanoic acid (or its methyl ester) as internal standard. Total flour and starch lipids after acid hydrolysis were also converted to FAME for quantitation by g.l.c. Non-starch lipids consisted of 59–63% non-polar (neutral) lipids, 22–27% polar glycolipids and 13–16% phospholipids. Steryl esters, triglycerides, and all the diacyl galactosylglycerides and phosphoglycerides were present only in non-starch lipids. Starch lipids consisted of 6–9% non-polar (neutral) lipids (mostly free fatty acids), 3–5 % polar glycolipids and 86–91 % phospholipids (mostly lysophosphatidyl choline). Starch lipids were almost exclusively monoacyl lipids. Factors are given for converting weight of FAME into weight of original lipid for all individual lipid classes in wheat which contain O-acyl groups. Factors for total lipids are: total starch lipids = FAME × 1.70, total non-starch lipids = FAME × 1.20, and total flour (non-starch + starch) lipids = FAME × 1.32. Similar factors could be used to convert weight of lipids obtained by conventional acid hydrolysis methods into weight of unhydrolysed lipids. Phospholipid contents are given by: total starch phospholipids = P × 16.51, total non-starch phospholipids = P × 23.90, total flour phospholipids = P × 17.91.
TL;DR: The hypothesis that the ‘inner’ carnitine acyltransferase is vectorial and catalyses a direct acyl transfer between external carnite and matrix CoA is suggested.
TL;DR: Fatty acid and long chain hydrocarbon analogs that contain a strong chelating group were synthesized as part of an effort to determine if the biological function of the fatty acid can be used to transport metallic isotopes to the myocardium.
TL;DR: Using both fatty acid supplementation and lowered growth temperature, LM cell membranes can be produced which have phospholipids with vastly different fatty acid compositions.
Abstract: Alteration of the fatty acid composition of monolayer cultures of LM cells grown in chemically defined medium was achieved by supplementation with fatty acids complexed to bovine serum albumin Phospholipids containing up to 40% linoleate were found in cells grown in medium containing 20 mu g of linoleate/ml Incorporation of linoleate into phospholipids reached a plateau after 12-24 hr, and cells remained viable for at least 3-4 days Although linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids were incorporated into LM cells equally well, only the latter was elongated by these cells under these experimental conditions Nonadecanoic acid was incorporated to a lesser extent than the polyunsaturated fatty acids Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine of LM cells had different fatty acid compositions; phosphatidylethanolamine contained more longer chain and unsaturated fatty acids Cells were also grown in the absence of choline and presence of choline analogs such as N,N-dimethylethanolamine, N-methylethanolamine, 3-amino-1-propanol, and 1-2-amino-1-butanol The analog phospholipids in these cells had fatty acid compositions which were intermediate between those of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine of control cells grown in the presence of choline Linoleate was found in both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine of cells supplemented with linoleate The sphingolipid fraction of these cells, however, did not contain significant amounts of linoleate When linoleate was present in the phospholipids, compensatory decreases in the oleate and palmitoleate content of phospholipids were observed Lowering of the growth temperature to 28 degrees produced an increase in unsaturate fatty acid content of the phospholipids When linoleate was supplied to cells grown at 28 degrees, there was no further increase in the unsaturated fatty acid composition of the phospholipids Using both fatty acid supplementation and lowered growth temperature, LM cell membranes can be produced which have phospholipids with vastly different fatty acid compositions
TL;DR: The glucose-sensitive neurons in the rat lateral hypothalamic area which are inhibited by glucose microapplications through one of multibarreled micropipettes were facilitated by microapplication of free fatty acids (FFA).