Showing papers on "Flyback transformer published in 2019"

Evaluation of Power Processing in Series-Connected Partial-Power Converters

Abstract: This paper proposes an analytical methodology to evaluate the power processed by dc–dc converters operating as series voltage regulators, which provide an alternative to increase efficiency in photovoltaic systems. Via the analysis of both active and nonactive power processing, the proposed methodology allows to clearly distinguish among circuit topologies as truly partial-power processing (PPP) or just partial active power processing topologies. When an isolated dc–dc topology is connected in series as a voltage regulator, the overall processed power can be reduced, which reduces power losses and improves efficiency. Conversely, this paper also demonstrates that some series-regulator topologies may not actually reduce the proportion of nonactive processed power. To demonstrate the applications of the proposed methodology and to emphasize its significance, two well-known series-connected voltage regulators (flyback and full-bridge phase shift) and a full-power regulator (boost) were evaluated. The results indicate that the full-bridge series regulator can perform a true PPP, whereas the flyback series-regulator processes the same amount of power as that processed by conventional nonisolated boost converters and cannot be considered a partial-power topology. This study finding contradicts assertions in the literature that this topology achieves high-efficiency dc–dc conversion through PPP. To confirm the theoretical analysis, experimental results from three 750-W prototypes are presented alongside its simulations.

A Bipolar-Input Thermoelectric Energy-Harvesting Interface With Boost/Flyback Hybrid Converter and On-Chip Cold Starter

Abstract: This paper presents a bipolar-input thermoelectric energy-harvesting interface based on boost/flyback hybrid converter (BFHC). Two-type ring oscillators are combined to form as a complementary group with bipolar-input voltage operating range for self-start. With the technique of combining the boost converter and flyback converter together, the system is able to convert the energy with bipolar-input voltages. The open-circuit voltage maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method is adopted in this harvester to extract as much energy as possible from the thermoelectric generator. By dynamically adjusting the switching frequency according to the input power, the system achieves a high conversion efficiency with a wide input range. Implemented in 180-nm CMOS process, the harvester achieves a peak conversion efficiency of 84% at $V_{{\text {TEG}}}=260$ mV and 79% at $V_{{\text {TEG}}}=-300$ mV. In addition, the harvester can self-startup with minimum voltages of 129 mV with a positive input voltage and −140 mV with a negative input voltage.

High-Voltage Gain Quasi-SEPIC DC–DC Converter

Abstract: This paper proposes a modified coupled-inductor SEPIC dc–dc converter for high-voltage-gain $(2 applications. It utilizes the same components as the conventional SEPIC converter with an additional diode. The voltage stress on the switch is minimal, which helps the designer to select a low-voltage and low $R_{\mathrm {DS}-\mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ MOSFET, resulting in a reduction of cost, conduction, and turn ON losses of the switch. Compared to equivalent topologies with similar voltage-gain expression, the proposed topology uses lower component count to achieve the same or even higher voltage gain. This helps to design a very compact and lightweight converter with higher power density and reliability. Operating performance, steady-state analysis and mathematical derivations of the proposed dc–dc converter have been demonstrated in this paper. Moreover, extension of the circuit for higher gain $(G>10)$ application is also introduced and discussed. Finally, the main features of the proposed converter have been verified through simulation and experimental results of a 400-W laboratory prototype. The efficiency is almost flat over a wide range of load with the highest measured efficiency of 96.2%, and the full-load efficiency is 95.2% at a voltage gain of 10.

Power Factor Improvement in Modified Bridgeless Landsman Converter Fed EV Battery Charger

Abstract: This work deals with the design and implementation of a new charger for a battery-operated electric vehicle (EV) with power factor improvement at the front end. In the proposed configuration, the conventional diode converter at the source end of existing EV battery charger is eliminated with the modified Landsman power factor correction (PFC) converter. The PFC converter is cascaded to a flyback isolated converter, which yields the EV battery control to charge it, first in constant current mode then switching to constant voltage mode. The proposed PFC converter is controlled using single sensed entity to achieve the robust regulation of dc-link voltage as well as to ensure the unity power factor operation. The proposed topology offers improved power quality, low device stress, and low input and output current ripple with low input current harmonics when compared to the conventional one. Moreover, to demonstrate the conformity of the proposed charger to an IEC 61000-3-2 standard, a prototype is built and tested to charge a 48 V EV battery of 100 Ah capacity, under transients in input voltage. The performance of the charger is found satisfactory for all the cases.

A Novel Switch Current Stress Reduction Technique for Single Switch Boost-Flyback Integrated High Step Up DC–DC Converter

Abstract: This paper presents a novel switch current stress reduction technique for a single switch boost-flyback high step up dc–dc converter. Coupled inductor-based converters do not have a sufficiently higher inductance value of their windings. This creates current surge during transient and steady state, which in turn increases current stress at main switch. To compensate this difficulty in coupled inductor-based boost flyback converter, an inductor–diode parallel combination has been connected in series with the switch. This technique increases the effective inductance of the coupled inductor primary winding during switch turn- on operation and helps to reduce current stress. Steady-state operating principle with the proposed technique is analyzed in continuous conduction mode. The current reduction technique is discussed with a proper mathematical derivation. To verify theoretical findings, simulation study is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink R2014b. Finally, a laboratory-based 40-W prototype converter is designed to show the effectiveness of the proposed switch current reduction technique.

Soft-Switched Modulation Technique for a Single-Stage Matrix-Type Isolated DC–AC Converter

Abstract: This paper proposes a soft-switched modulation technique with synchronous rectification for an isolated single-stage single-phase matrix-type dc–ac converter. The dc side consists of a full bridge inverter, and the ac side is a 2×2 matrix converter-based cycloconverter. The proposed unipolar modulation strategy provides zero current switching/zero voltage switching (ZVS) for the ac side devices and ZVS-on for the dc side devices. It also allows natural commutation of the current flowing through the secondary side leakage inductor of the isolation transformer and the grid inductor during unity power factor (UPF) condition, thus eliminates the requirement of snubber circuit. An improved soft-switched flyback-based regenerative snubber circuit is also presented for non-UPF operation. Proposed snubber circuit recycles the energy stored in the snubber capacitors in every switching cycle. A guideline to design snubber circuit along with a comparative study is discussed in this paper. Performance of the proposed hybrid modulation technique is evaluated in an SiC mosfet based 1.2-kW dc–ac converter prototype. A detailed analysis of the converter performance has been presented in this paper considering the circuit non-idealities.

A Single-Stage LED Driver Based on Flyback and Modified Class-E Resonant Converters With Low-Voltage Stress

Abstract: This paper presents a novel integrated-stage light-emitting diode (LED) driver based on Flyback and resonant converters. The Flyback converter realizes power factor correction in the discontinuous conduction mode. The resonant converter is operated as a dc–dc converter to support the LED loads. Moreover, the resonant converter can clearly decrease the drain–source voltage of the active switch and exhibits zero-voltage-switch characteristics. Therefore, a cost-effective MOSFET can be chosen as the main control component that can decrease the cost of the whole system. Compared to a single-active-switch converter (such as Class-E converter), the number of passive components in the resonant converter can be limited to four. Therefore, the power density of the system can be improved drastically. In this paper, a 100-W prototype is presented under the experimental condition to validate the proposed integrated-stage LED driver.

A New Controller for DC-DC Converters Based on Sliding Mode Control Techniques

Abstract: A new general sliding mode controller is proposed for a DC–DC converter that can regulate the output voltage. Due to the nature of some non-minimum phase converters, an indirect method is used to control the output voltage. A robust nonlinear controller is employed that uses the output voltage error integral and provides zero steady-state error. The proposed method was simulated in MATLAB/Simulink, and the controller, buck converter, boost, buck/boost, and flyback responses were determined. The proposed sliding mode control can cover the operating range of load variations, input voltage, and other parameters to provide robust and steady output voltage.

Input Voltage Sharing Control Scheme for Input Series and Output Parallel Connected DC–DC Converters Based on Peak Current Control

Abstract: It is difficult for a single converter to handle the high voltages involved in dc–dc conversion with a high-voltage input bus. Input-series–output-parallel (ISOP) technology can be used to solve this problem. In this paper, an input voltage sharing control scheme based on peak current (IVSPC) control to guarantee power balance between the modules of the ISOP system is studied. Owing to the peak current control, the output voltage of the system has a good ability to suppress input bus perturbations, and it exhibits good dynamic characteristics even when the input voltage changes significantly with a high slope. The IVSPC control method has two kinds of loops: a common output voltage regulation (OVR) loop and individual input voltage sharing (IVS) loops. The OVR loop provides the same current reference component for all modules, whereas the IVS loops provide different components. The peak current reference signal for each module is the sum of the reference components from the OVR and IVS loops. The performance of the IVSPC control scheme is verified using an ISOP-connected prototype consisting of two flyback converters.

A Bidirectional Two-Switch Flyback Converter With Cross-Coupled LCD Snubbers for Minimizing Circulating Current

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel isolated bidirectional two-switch flyback converter with two integrated non-dissipative inductor–capacitor–diode (LCD) snubbers. In the proposed topology, the main flyback transformer and the LCD snubbers are cross coupled to minimize circulating current that would occur in the non-cross-coupled case, in addition to recycle leakage energy and protect the power transistors. The same current circulation issue also occurs in the bidirectional flyback converter with conventional resistor–capacitor–diode (RCD) snubbers. The main objective of this paper is to illustrate this issue and propose an alternate circuitry to reduce the current circulation and improve the conversion efficiency. The experimental results of a laboratory prototype are reported to verify the design.

GaN VHF Converters With Integrated Air-Core Transformers

Abstract: This paper proposes an air-core transformer integration method, which mounts the transformer straight into the multilayer printed circuit board (PCB), and maintains a proper distance between the inner transformer and other components on the top layer. The integration method reduces the PCB area significantly, ensuring higher power density. The design of the complete structure is accomplished with finite element analysis (FEA) to ensure that the unconstrained transformer magnetic field does not affect other components. It is applied to three resonant flyback converters operating at 20 MHz with Si mosfet s, 30 MHz, and 50 MHz with enhancement-mode gallium nitride (eGaN) high-electron mobility transistors, respectively. The 30-MHz eGaN prototype achieves the full load efficiency of 80.1% (an increase of 1.1% compared with the 20-MHz Si prototype) and power density of 32 W/in3 at 5-V input and 5 V/ 2 W output. The 50-MHz eGaN prototype achieves the power density of 39.4 W/in3, which is 41% higher than the 20-MHz Si prototype. With the similar efficiency, the overall height of the converters in this paper is less than half of the commercial products, very suitable for low thickness and profile applications.

A Single-Stage Single-Switch Soft-Switching (S6) Boost-Flyback PFC Converter

Abstract: This paper presents a single-stage single-switch soft-switching (S6) power factor correction (PFC) converter to enhance the current shaping performance and reduce the total harmonic distortion. This improvement is achieved by the aid of an auxiliary winding which is used to lower the input current harmonics and also achieve soft-switching condition. As a result, the switching losses are reduced and harmonic content of the input current is improved noticeably in comparison to the conventional S6 PFC converter. Also, the total number of semiconductor elements is reduced in the proposed topology which results in lower cost and higher efficiency. The operating modes of the proposed converter are discussed in detail and the design procedure is presented. A 200-kHz prototype of the proposed converter is implemented and the obtained results are provided to verify the converter theoretical analysis and operation.

Auxiliary Submodule Power Supply for a Medium Voltage Modular Multilevel Converter

Abstract: The auxiliary submodule power supply is a vital component of a modular multilevel converter submodule or any multi-submodule converter. Considering the high isolation requirements and difficulties to provide power from the ground potential, the auxiliary submodule power supply must be simple, work reliably and not compromise the submodule's reliability. A flyback supply from the submodule's dc link with multiple sets of isolated secondary windings solves at once the low-voltage generation and the required voltage isolation for semiconductor gate circuits and protection without need for an externally supplied low-voltage input to the submodule (high-isolation connection). This paper presents an isolated, flyback-based auxiliary submodule power supply with planar magnetic, printed circuit board integrated windings and multiple isolated outputs for a medium voltage modular multilevel converter as well as detailed electrical and magnetic mathematical modelling, technological integration challenges description and proper experimental test considerations.

Soft switching flyback inverter for photovoltaic AC module applications

Abstract: The soft switching flyback inverters still cannot provide high efficiency and low output current total harmonic distortion (THD) in all load ranges. Therefore, a new flyback inverter with soft switching for photovoltaic AC module applications is presented in this study. The introduced inverter is simple and a small auxiliary circuit is added to the conventional topology of the flyback inverter. Since the primary current of the transformer is not affected by the auxiliary branch, the output current THD does not increase. In addition, all of the high-frequency switches of the proposed topology are switched under soft switching condition, which allows high-switching frequency. Hence, high efficiency, as well as compact design, can be achieved in the proposed inverter. Moreover, the voltage overshoot of the main switch during the turn-off process is limited. This effect decreases the conduction losses because the lower voltage rating switch can be used. Furthermore, a new control method is presented, which provides high efficiency in all load ranges. The operations of the introduced flyback inverter and component selection have been discussed in detail. The performance of the proposed inverter with the auxiliary circuit and corresponding controllers are validated with the help of experimental results.

A Novel High-Efficiency Double-Input Bidirectional DC/DC Converter for Battery Cell-Voltage Equalizer with Flyback Transformer

Abstract: Large-scale battery cells are connected in series, which inevitably leads to a phenomenon that the cell voltage is unbalanced. With a conventional equalizer, it is challenging to maintain excellent characteristics in terms of its size, design cost, and equalization efficiency. In order to improve the defects in the above equalization circuit, a novel voltage equalization circuit is designed, which can work in two modes. A bidirectional direct current–direct current (DC–DC) equalization structure is adopted, which can quickly equalize two high or low-power batteries without using an external energy buffer. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed circuit, a 12-cell battery 2800-MAh battery string was applied for experimental verification. Computer monitoring (LabVIEW) was adopted in the whole system to intelligently adjust the energy imbalance of the battery pack. The experimental results showed excellent overall performance in terms of equalization was achieved through the newly proposed method. That is, the circuit equalization speed, design cost, and volume have a good balance performance.

Analyzing and Comparing of Variable and Constant Switching Frequency Flyback DC-DC Converter

Abstract: Flyback converter, one of the switching power supply circuit with high frequency, is widely used in low power applications due to its cost effectiveness and electrical isolation characteristics. It is known that high frequency causes switching losses and reduces the efficiency of converters especially at low power ratings. Therefore, a flyback DC-DC converter operated with variable switching frequency is studied in this study. The proposed topology is operated with lower frequencies at light load conditions compared to rated output power. The results obtained from the variable switching converter are compared with the results obtained from constant switching frequency flyback topology for the same input/output conditions. It is observed that the flyback converter operated with variable switching frequency is more efficient than the flyback converter operated with constant frequency.

Evaluation and Suppression of a Low-Frequency Output Voltage Ripple of a Single-Stage AC–DC Converter Based on an Output Impedance Model

Abstract: A single-stage ac–dc converter with high power factor (PF) usually suffers from a significant output voltage ripple at double line frequency. In order to suppress such low-frequency output voltage ripple and maintain high PF, a series compensation circuit (SCC), which generates the same magnitude but 180° phase shifted low-frequency voltage ripple, is connected in series with the output of a power factor correction (PFC) converter. In this paper, an output impedance model of the SCC is established and the relationship between the output impedance of the SCC and the low-frequency output voltage ripple of an ac–dc converter is analyzed. Based on the proposed output impedance model, a low-frequency output voltage ripple can be evaluated. To further reduce the low-frequency output voltage ripple, an output impedance shaping method with a virtual impedance is presented. The implementation of the virtual impedance of the SCC with average current mode control is studied. A flyback PFC converter with a buck SCC is implemented for the study of the suppression of the low-frequency output voltage ripple. A prototype is designed to verify the analysis results.

A Soft-Switching Step-Down PFC Converter with High Power Factor Using Auxiliary Flyback Circuit

Abstract: In this paper, a new soft-switching bridgeless single-phase power factor correction converter is introduced and analyzed. Employing an auxiliary flyback circuit, existing dead angle in the input current is eliminated while softswitching is achieved. The flyback converter processes only small amount of output power. Therefore, conduction losses of its bridge diode and semiconductor devices are low. Also, the auxiliary flyback converter provides soft-switching condition for buck switches. All semiconductors are turned on and off under soft-switching condition. In addition to reduction of switching losses, diode's reverse-recovery problems are eliminated due to soft-switching condition. The proposed approach takes advantage of operating under discontinuous conduction mode to shape the input current into sinusoidal form inherently. Experimental results are reported for a 120-W prototype at 110 Vrms input and 48-V output. The results demonstrate efficiency of 93% at nominal load condition. Furthermore, the input current harmonics fulfill IEC61000-3-2 (Class D) standard as well.

A Novel High-Power-Factor AC/DC LED Driver With Dual Flyback Converters

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel ac/dc light-emitting diode driver. The circuit configuration consists of a low-pass filter, a diode rectifier, and two flyback converters which are interleaved operated with 180° phase shift. Although both flyback converters lose the capability of galvanic isolation in this proposed circuit, the active switch of each converter can achieve zero-voltage switching without needing to use the additional active clamping circuit or snubber circuit. Also, the energy stored in the leakage inductance of the coupled inductor can be either recycled or supplied to the output load, resulting in high circuit efficiency and low product cost. Besides, high power factor and low total current harmonic distortion are obtained by operating the flyback converters in discontinuous current mode. The steady-state analyses of different operation modes and the design criteria for circuit parameters are provided. Finally, a 200-W prototype circuit was implemented. Satisfactory performances are obtained from the experimental results.

Inner Supply Data Transmission in Quasi-Resonant Flyback Converters for Li-Ion Battery Applications Using Multiplexing Mode

Abstract: This paper proposes data transmission method between primary and secondary of the flyback converter without additional communication circuit while simultaneously transferring power. In some application such as a battery charger, the data exchanges between the primary and secondary sides are necessary. In the conventional system, an additional line or wireless communication modules is used for data exchanges, thereby increasing the system and connector size. The proposed system, in comparison, does not use additional signal transceiver but instead exchanges data by simply alternating operation mode of the flyback converter, thus adding communication function while not increasing the volume of the terminal and overall system. The waveform of transformer voltage is used to count the number of resonant pulses, which is used for decoding and encoding the data packet. Bidirectional communication between primary and secondary sides is possible while power is transferred to the output using an appropriate communication protocol. This paper proposes data transmission method for both single output and the multioutput cases. Also, both half-duplex and full-duplex communication using the proposed method is explained. The experimental results are presented to verify the performance of the proposed communication method.

An Interleaved Flyback-Typed LED Driver With ZVS and Energy Recovery of Leakage Inductance

Abstract: Flyback converter has advantages of simple circuit configuration and easy control. However, it suffers two problems. One is the active switch is hard switching. The other is a very high voltage spike when the active switch is turned off . In order to solve these problems, this paper presents a novel dc-to-dc converter that mainly consists of two interleaved flyback converters. Both active switches can achieve zero-voltage switching on without the use of any active clamp circuit or snubber circuit. In addition, the leakage flux energy can be delivered to the output by using two added diodes. It helps to reduce the voltage spikes on the active switches and improve circuit efficiency. The steady-state analyses at different operation modes and the mathematical equations for parameters design are provided. Finally, a 200-W prototype circuit for driving high-brightness light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is built and tested to verify the feasibility of the proposed circuit. The LEDs are dimmed from 100% to 10% full power. Satisfactory performances are obtained from the experimental results.

Spread Spectrum Technique for Decreasing EM Noise in High-Frequency APWM HB Resonant Converter With Reduced EMI Filter Size

Abstract: A spread spectrum technique (SST) has been proposed as a solution to mitigate electromagnetic (EM) interference in power converters. In the previous research, the SST has been widely applied to the power converters that have insensitive voltage gain according to switching frequency variation, such as buck, boost and flyback topologies. However, resonant converters have sensitive voltage gain according to the switching frequency variation, which cannot regulate the output voltage with the SST. In this paper, a high-frequency (HF) half-bridge (HB) resonant converter employing the SST is developed for power supply applications with 100-W power capability. The design methodology of its resonant tank and the SST is proposed to obtain the tight output voltage regulation performance and the EM noise reduction. In addition, the size reduction of EM noise filters is analyzed by employing the SST. The output voltage regulation performance and the filter size reduction will be experimentally verified using a 100-W prototype HF HB resonant converter.

Modeling and Comparisons of Aggregated Flyback Microinverters in Aspect of Harmonic Resonances With the Grid

Abstract: In this paper, performances on two kinds of aggregated flyback microinverters are compared in aspect of harmonic resonances, which are controlled by current feedback control and peak current control. Based on the Norton models of flyback microinverters obtained by a small-signal modeling approach, potential harmonic resonances with the grid are analyzed. Following that, an impedance-based stability criterion is proposed, where the resonance frequency can be calculated and predicted based on the derived Norton models and the system admittance matrix of aggregated microinverters. After comprehensive analysis and comparisons, it is found that the peak-current-control-based flyback microinverters has better performance on damping the harmonic resonances than the current feedback controlled one. Simulations and experiments are carried out for verifying the effectiveness of the presented models and the correctness of the analysis results.

An Input-Series Flyback Converter With the Coupled-Inductor-Based Passive Snubber for High-Input Voltage Multiple-Output Applications

Abstract: In this paper, an input-series flyback converter with the coupled-inductor-based passive snubber is proposed, where the input-series converter is based on transformer integration, and the passive snubber is composed of inductors, capacitors, and diodes The inductors of the snubber in various series modules are made on a common magnetic core, and the coupled-inductor scheme is adopted With the help of the coupled inductor, active input voltage sharing of the input-series converter can also be achieved after the switches are turned off , and voltage sharing of the switch in each series module can be ensured, which overcome the shortcomings of the existing input-series flyback converter Active voltage sharing processes caused by the coupled inductor are analyzed in detail Furthermore, the design guideline of the passive snubber is discussed Finally, the experimental study has been done on a 1500 Vdc/60 W laboratory-made prototype composed of three flyback series modules, and the feasibility of the proposed method and the theoretical analysis is verified by the experimental results

Si and GaN Devices in Quasi Resonant Flyback converters for Wall Charger Applications

Abstract: The Gallium Nitride (GaN) power switches may offer significant improvement in quasi resonant (QR) Flyback converters, e.g. an enhanced conversion efficiency and reduced volume. This work investigates the performance of Silicon superjunction (SJ) MOSFET and GaN devices exploited in a QR Flyback topology. Firstly, the QR converter design has been performed by considering the characteristics of a SJ MOSFET device as well as the passive elements and the related PWM controller. After that, a level shifter has been adopted to carry out the analysis with a GaN device. The level shifter provides the proper gate voltage supply, thus avoiding damage and device failure due to unadapt driving conditions of the device. The experimental results have shown a performance improvement in comparison to the power SJ MOSFET, with an increase in the efficiency (0.8%) due to the reduction of the switching power losses, despite the converter has not been optimized for the GaN power switch. The converter has not been optimized for the GaN in order to dispel any doubt about the fact that any efficiency improvement is obtained only thanks to the GaN.

Design of Double-Line-Frequency Ripple Controller for Quasi-Single-Stage AC–DC Converter With Audio Susceptibility Model

Abstract: Power factor correction (PFC) converter suffers from serious double-line-frequency output voltage ripple due to the difference between instantaneous ac input power and dc output power. To suppress such double-line-frequency output voltage ripple, a ripple cancellation circuit (RCC) is utilized to generate the same magnitude but 180° phase shifted double-line- frequency voltage ripple. This paper provides an insight into the relationship between control scheme and double-line-frequency ripple suppression from the perspective of audio susceptibility model. For the purpose of reducing the double line frequency ripple, the closed-loop audio susceptibility of series RCC should be designed relatively low at double line frequency. According to such requirement, a ripple controller with improved voltage feed-forward (FF) scheme and quasi-proportional-resonant (QPR) compensator is designed. As QPR compensator can increase the denominator of the closed-loop audio susceptibility, while voltage FF scheme can reduce its numerator, its magnitude at double line frequency is thus greatly reduced and double-line-frequency ripple is also significantly suppressed. Moreover, due to the flexibility of QPR compensator, the proposed ripple controller presents good ripple suppression in a different line frequency application. Finally, experimental results of a flyback PFC with buck-type RCC quasi-single-stage ac–dc converter are provided to verify the validity of the proposed ripple controller.

Photovoltaic Flyback Microinverter With Tertiary Winding Current Sensing

Abstract: This paper presents a new low cost, non-invasive, and isolated current sensing technique for the grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) flyback microinverter. This is accomplished by using the flyback transformer itself as a current sensor, achieved by introducing a tertiary winding to the flyback transformer. The mathematical integration of the tertiary winding's open circuit voltage through a ground-clamped-integrator results in the sensing of the magnetizing current. Since the magnetizing current is a combination of both primary and secondary current, control of both grid current and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is implemented by sensing only the magnetizing current. This allows the PV, primary, secondary, and the grid current loops to be free of any invasive current sensors. Moreover, controlling the magnetizing current provides an alternative solution to an inherent problem with continuous conduction mode (CCM), the control complexity. Linear ramping and de-ramping of the magnetizing current allows for a set–reset hysteresis control to be implemented, resulting in CCM control simplicity that is akin to the boundary and discontinuous conduction mode. A grid-tied microinverter prototype is presented for verification, achieving the following experimental result: 1.9% grid current THD, 0.9988 power factor, above 99% static MPPT efficiency and dynamic efficiency of 98.50%.

A Modified Bridgeless Cuk Converter based EV Charger with Improved Power Quality

Abstract: A new bridgeless Cuk converter based electric vehicle (EV)charger with improved power quality features, is proposed in this work. The proposed bridgeless Cuk converter, at its fore-end, improves the input power factor of the charger in voltage follower mode control. However, battery charging for EV, is performed in constant current (CC)and constant voltage (CV)regimes using a flyback DC-DC converter. The proposed BL converter utilizes single semiconductor switch for PFC operation during both halves of line voltage at the cost of only one additional diode. However, cost of extra switch during independent supply halves, is avoided. Both the converters are designed for discontinuous current operation to achieve in-built zero current switching as well as low line current total harmonic distortion as per recommended IEC 61000-3-2 standard. The effectiveness of proposed converter is validated using a prototype for steady state as well as over sudden fluctuations in supply voltage from 160V-260V. A comparison of the proposed charger to the conventional diode bridge rectifier fed charger, is shown to demonstrate the improved charger performance.