Showing papers on "Four-force published in 1981"
TL;DR: In this paper, a new general relativity formulated on the Weitzenbock space-time has been proposed, which is invariant under a class of local Lorentz transformations.
Abstract: We make a short comment on our new general relativity formulated on the Weitzenb\"ock space-time. The new general relativity considered here has one free parameter besides the Einstein constant $\ensuremath{\kappa}$. The total action is invariant under a class of local Lorentz transformations, besides being invariant under general coordinate and global Lorentz transformations. The consequences of this "restricted local Lorentz invariance" are studied.
196 citations
TL;DR: The boundary terms in the action for Regge's formulation of general relativity on a simplicial net were derived and compared with the boundary terms for general relativity in continuum general relativity.
Abstract: The boundary terms in the action for Regge's formulation of general relativity on a simplicial net are derived and compared with the boundary terms in continuum general relativity.
116 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that inertial forces should be generated by the motion of a body relative to the bulk of matter in the universe. But this principle is not contained in general relativity, which leads to a discussion of attempts to derive Machian theories, and the most promising of these appears to be a selection rule for solutions of the general relativistic field equations, in which the space-time metric structure is generated by matter content of the Universe only in a well-defined way.
Abstract: Mach's principle, that inertial forces should be generated by the motion of a body relative to the bulk of matter in the Universe, is shown to be related to the structure imposed on space-time by dynamical theories. General relativity theory and Mach's principle are both shown to be well supported by observations. Since Mach's principle is not contained in general relativity this leads to a discussion of attempts to derive Machian theories. The most promising of these appears to be a selection rule for solutions of the general relativistic field equations, in which the space-time metric structure is generated by the matter content of the Universe only in a well-defined way.
57 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the theoretical background for and the detailed analysis of Kaufmann's 1901-1905 experiments to determine the e/m ratio for fast electrons, which were initially interpreted as confirming Abraham's classical model of a rigid spherical electron and as providing evidence against special relativity.
Abstract: This paper presents the theoretical background for and the detailed analysis of Kaufmann’s 1901–1905 experiments to determine the e/m ratio for fast electrons. Far from providing the first experimental confirmation of Einstein’s special theory of relativity, as is often claimed in physics textbooks today, these data were initially interpreted as confirming Abraham’s classical model of a rigid spherical electron and as providing evidence against special relativity. Only in 1906–1907, upon Planck’s subsequent reanalysis of Kaufmann’s 1905 data, did these experiments become evidence marginally in favor of relativity over classical models of the electron. This particular issue, of the superiority of special realtivity over classical theory in providing a fit to e/m determinations, was not definitely settled until 1914 with new extensive and accurate data obtained by Neumann. The entire episode provides another example that science does not proceed by a strict falsificationist methodology. It shows rather that a great scientist such as Einstein at times gives more weight to a theory that has a certain beauty and produces equations simple in form than he does to experimental results that apparently conflict with such a theory.
26 citations
Book•
27 Nov 1981
TL;DR: A self-contained, critical introduction to Einstein's general theory of relativity that supplements the many conventional expository works on relativity is given in this paper, where emphasis is on clarification of underlying notions, assumptions, prejudices, and points of semantic confusion.
Abstract: A self-contained, critical introduction to Einstein's general theory of relativity that supplements the many conventional expository works on relativity. Emphasis is on clarification of underlying notions, assumptions, prejudices, and points of semantic confusion.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a simple proof is given that the electromagnetic phenomena are not intrinsic to special relativity as the second postulate tends to suggest, and the electromagnetic phenomenon is not a part of the AIP.
Abstract: A simple proof is given that the electromagnetic phenomena are not intrinsic to special relativity as the second postulate tends to suggest. (AIP)
22 citations
19 citations
TL;DR: The condition of equilibrium is obtained up to the ppN approximation by solving the Einstein-Maxwell equations as discussed by the authors, and it is conjectured that for spherically symmetric particles the classical condition e 1 e 2 = Gm 1 m 2 applies.
17 citations
Book•
01 Oct 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of the structure of space-time from the theory of Aristotle to the present day is analyzed, and the present work attempts to sketch a science of relativistic mechanics.
Abstract: Analyzing the development of the structure of space-time from the theory of Aristotle to the present day, the present work attempts to sketch a science of relativistic mechanics. The concept of relativity is discussed in relation to the way in which space-time splits up into space and time, and in relation to Mach's principle concerning the relativity of inertia. Particular attention is given to the following topics: Aristotelian dynamics Copernican kinematics Newtonian dynamics the space-time of classical dynamics classical space-time in the presence of gravity the space-time of special relativity the space-time of general relativity solutions and problems in general relativity Mach's principle and the dynamics of space-time theories of inertial mass the integral formation of general relativity and the frontiers of relativity (e.g., unified field theories and quantum gravity).
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a set of nonrelativistic para-Lorentzian transformations is derived uniquely, based on a weaker first principle, the requirement that the transformations sought do not give rise to the clock paradox, and compliance with the classical experiments of Michelson-Morley, Kennedy-Thorndike, and Ives-Stilwell.
Abstract: After reviewing the foundations of special relativity and the room left for rival theories, a set of nonrelativistic para-Lorentzian transformations is derived uniquely, based on (a) a weaker first principle, (b) the requirement that the transformations sought do not give rise to the clock “paradox” (in a refined version), and (c) the compliance of the transformations with the classical experiments of Michelson-Morley, Kennedy-Thorndike, and Ives-Stilwell. The corresponding dynamics is developed. Most of the experimental support of special relativity is reconsidered in the light of the new theory. It is concluded that the relativity of simultaneity has so far not been tested.
17 citations
05 Aug 1981
TL;DR: A computer program, written in SHEEP, performing an algorithmic classification of the curvature tensor and a number of its derivatives is presented, and the output is a complete description of the geometry.
Abstract: The complicated coordinate transformations in general relativity make coordinate invariant classification schemes extremely important. A computer program, written in SHEEP, performing an algorithmic classification of the curvature tensor and a number of its derivatives is presented. The output is a complete description of the geometry. The problem to decide whether or not two solutions of Einstein's equations describe the same gravitational field can be solved if the (non-) existence of a solution to a set of algebraic equations can be established. The classification procedure has been carried through for a number of fields, and solutions previously believed to describe physically different situations have been shown to be equivalent. We exemplify with a physically interesting class of geometries.
TL;DR: In this paper, the relativistic features (Lorentz contraction for the coordinate standard deviation, covariant diffusion equation) were derived from diffusion theory itself, but emerged from diffusion itself.
Abstract: In a previous paper a stochastic foundation was proposed for microphysics: the nonrelativistic and relativistic domains were shown to be connected with two different approximations of diffusion theory; the relativistic features (Lorentz contraction for the coordinate standard deviation, covariant diffusion equation) were not derived from the relativistic formalism introduced at the start, but emerged from diffusion theory itself. In the present paper these results are given a new presentation, which aims at elucidating not the foundations of quantum mechanics, but those of relativity. This leads to a discussion of points still controversial in the interpretation of relativity. In particular two problems appear in a new light: the character of time and length alterations, and the privileged role of the velocityc. Besides, the question of a possible limitation of relativity (and more generally of the laws of mechanics) in the domain of particle substructure is raised and supported by exemples drawn from the hydrodynamical model of a spinned particle. Suggestions are presented for the possibility of a deeper conceptual unification of special and general relativity.
TL;DR: In this article, a geometrical formulation of electrodynamics is presented based on a nonlinear constraint for the electromagnetic potential, and a three-dimensional photon field is associated with the co-ordinates of a symmetric space of constant negative curvature.
Abstract: A geometrical formulation of electrodynamics is presented. This formulation is based on a nonlinear constraint for the electromagnetic potential. As a consequence of the constraint, a three-dimensional photon field is associated with the co-ordinates of a symmetric space of constant negative curvature. A formalism covariant under general co-ordinate transformations is constructed and extended, in a manner analogous to that used in general relativity, to include spinor realizations. A generally covariant Lagrangian density is exhibited and shown to be equivalent, by a suitable redefinition of the fields, to the usual electrodynamics. In such an approach a close relationship between Lorentz invariance and the electromagnetic interaction is manifest.
TL;DR: In this article, a formalism of continuous media in general relativity is given and the concept of shock waves is defined using manifolds with boundary and the transversality theory of submanifolds.
Abstract: A formalism of continuous media in general relativity is given and the concept of shock waves is defined using manifolds with boundary and the transversality theory of submanifolds. A definition of relativistic incompressibility is proposed and one gets that the shock waves are longitudinal with the speed of light.
Dissertation•
24 Nov 1981
TL;DR: The history of the general theory of relativity has received much less attention than that of the special theory as discussed by the authors, and no comprehensive, detailed historical account of the successive stages in the development of the GTR has, to my knowledge, been published (1981).
Abstract: Among all the physical theories developed by Albert Einstein, the general theory of relativity (GTR) is generally considered as his masterpiece. This theory has yielded the most successful treatment of gravitation known so far, and has brilliantly withstood all the experimental tests to which it has been submitted, while many competing theories have been eliminated. Despite its success, the history of the general theory of relativity has received much less attention than the history of the special theory. Though various aspects of the history of the general theory of relativity have been treated elsewhere, no comprehensive, detailed historical account of the successive stages in the development of the general theory of relativity has, to my knowledge, been published (1981). It is the purpose of this dissertation to fill that gap. The dissertation will not only analyze the mathematical development of the theory in detail, from 1907 to 1917, but will also pay close attention to Einstein's motivations. Though it is generally known that Einstein was motivated by epistemological reasons in the development of GTR, this is the first time that this claim is thoroughly documented.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the Reissner-nordstrom field of a charged particle on the basis of the bimetric general relativity theory, and found that the field differs from the reissner nordstrom's field only very close to the sphereR =m+m2 −Q2)1/2.
Abstract: The gravitational field of a charged particle is investigated on the basis of the bimetric general relativity theory. It is found that the field differs from the Reissner-Nordstrom field only very close to the sphereR=m+(m2 −Q2)1/2. This sphere is impenetrable, and its interior is unphysical.
TL;DR: In this paper, a method of generating new solutions from old ones in general relativity was presented, in particular applying the method to some well-known classes of gravitational fields, such as the Earth's magnetic field.
TL;DR: In this paper, a functional transformation is proposed to generate a nonlinear superposition of an arbitrary number of Kerr particles in a flat space-time (gravitational vacuum) environment.
Abstract: Soliton physics has made considerable progress in solving nonlinear problems. This paper is meant to relate the soliten concept to the stationary axisymmetric vacuum fields in general relativity. We present a functional transformation which, working as a nonlinear creation operator, generates gravitational fields of isolated sources. When applied to flat space-time (“gravitational vacuum”) this operation leads to a nonlinear superposition of an arbitrary number of Kerr particles. This superposition also includes the Tomimatsu-Sato fields. The functional transformations form an infinite-parameter group which contains the Kinnersley-Geroch group as a subgroup.
TL;DR: Numerical solutions of the two black hole head-on collision problem have been studied in this paper, where the authors present some of the basic problems of numerical solutions, together with some recent numerical solutions.
Abstract: Numerical relativity (numerical solution of Einstein equations) is rapidly becoming a major tool for the study of relativistic phenomena. In the last decade, we have developed a good understanding of stationary and almost stationary black holes. The next step is to study the dynamics of black holes. Present analytical methods fail when strong fields and dynamical configurations are involved, as in the formation of black holes and generation of gravitational radiation. Numerical relativity aims a t providing answers to such questions. Numerical studies of general relativity began in the mid-sixties with the classical work of May and White on spherical collapse' and the attempt of Hann and Lindquist to study a two black hole collision.* However, numerical relativity gained momentum only in the mid-seventies when, following the initiative of Bryce DeWitt, Smarr' and Smarr, Cadez, DeWitt, and Eppley4 solved the two black hole head-on collision problem and Wilson developed methods for the numerical solution of relativistic hydrodynamics.' Wilson6.' and Smarr and Wilson' followed with works on spherical and axisymmetric collapse and those, in turn, were followed by a wave of new numerical solutions. TABLE 1 summarizes the current status of numerical codes. The level of difficulty increases with the number of dimensions (one, two, or three spatial dimensions) and with increases in the number of allowed modes of gravitational radiation, (none, one, or two, according to the symmetry). This number corresponds to the dynamical degrees of freedom of the gravitational field. The formulation of relativistic problems for numerical studies led to a new perspective on general relativity. In this review, I will present some of the basic problems of numerical relativity, together with some of the recent numerical solutions.
TL;DR: In this article, a qualitative comparison of opposing views of elementary matter and the theory of general relativity is presented, when each theory is fully exploited as a theory of matter, and it indicates why each of these theories, at its presently accepted state, is incomplete without the other.
Abstract: This paper presents a qualitative comparison of opposing views of elementary matter—the Copenhagen approach in quantum mechanics and the theory of general relativity. It discusses in detail some of their main conceptual differences, when each theory is fully exploited as a theory of matter, and it indicates why each of these theories, at its presently accepted state, is incomplete without the other. But it is then argued on logical grounds that they cannot be fused, thus indicating the need for a third revolution in contemporary physics. Toward this goal, the approach discussed is one of further generalizing the theory of general relativity in a way that incorporates the inertial manifestations of matter in covariant fashion, with quantum mechanics serving as a low-energy, linear approximation. Such a theoretical extension of general relativity will be discussed, with applications in elementary particle physics, such as the appearance of mass spectra in the microdomain, as an asymptotic feature of matter, mass doublets (electron-muon and proton-heavy proton), the explanation of pair annihilation and creation from a deterministic field theory, charge quantization, and features of pions.
TL;DR: The principle of Relativity has been examined in the context of the transformation of the electromagnetic field and the electrodynamics of the electron in the special theory of relativity.
Abstract: 1 In Einstein's famous [1905] paper there are some peculiar inconsistencies in his interpretation and application of the Special Theory of Relativity in his treatment of the transformation of the electromagnetic field and the electrodynamics of the electron. An examination of these inconsistencies, which create unnecessary difficulties for the student, will, it is hoped, facilitate a better understanding of this remarkable paper, the English translation of which is to be found in the collection of original papers under the title 'The Principle of Relativity' (Lorentz, Einstein et al. [1923]).
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown how, by means of a suitable choice of co-ordinates, it is possible to transform the de Sitter universe (solution of the equations of general relativity with cosmological term in the empty space) in the Castelnuovo universe.
Abstract: The problem of deducing the metric of empty space in special relativity from the equations of general relativity has been solved by means of the works by Serini, Einstein and Pauli, Lichnerowitz. In the present paper the same problem is considered when in the equations of general relativity the cosmological term is included. The solution is obtained by showing how, by means of a suitable choice of co-ordinates, it is possible to transform the de Sitter universe (solution of the equations of general relativity with cosmological term in the empty space) in the Castelnuovo universe. This latter can be interpreted as the geodesical representation of the de Sitter universe on a flat manifold (extension of Beltrami’s theorem); furthermore, in analogy with Minkowski’s universe, it has some geometrical properties which make the interpretation of the physics of special relativity possible. Finally, by the method followed in this paper, the derivation of a new proof of the theorem of Serini, Einstein and Pauli, Lichnerowitz is made possible as a zero limiting case (i.e. when the cosmological constant tends to zero).
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The Weber psychophysical law, which describes much experimental data on perception by man, is derived from the Heisenberg uncertainty principle on the assumption that human perception occurs by energy detection by superconductive microregions within man.
Abstract: The Weber psychophysical law, which describes much experimental data on perception by man, is derived from the Heisenberg uncertainty principle on the assumption that human perception occurs by energy detection by superconductive microregions within man . This suggests that psychophysical perception by man might be considered merely a special case of physical measurement in general. The reverse derivation-i.e., derivation of the Heisenberg principle from the Weber law-may be of even greater interest. It suggest that physical measurements could be regarded as relative to the perceptions by the detectors within man. Thus one may develop a "human" theory of relativity that could have the advantage of eliminating hidden assumptions by forcing physical theories to conform more completely to the measurements made by man rather than to concepts that might not accurately describe nature.