Showing papers on "Globalization published in 2002"

Globalization and Its Discontents

Abstract: The promise of global institutions broken promises freedom to choose? the East Asia crisis - how IMF policies brought the world to the verge of a global meltdown who lost Russia? unfair trade laws and other mischief better roads to the market the IMF's other agenda the way ahead.

Runaway World : How Globalisation is Reshaping our Lives Ed. 2

Abstract: In Runaway World, Anthony Giddens, intellectual pioneer of Third Way politics, shows how the globalization of science, technology and the economy impacts every human on earth. In his characteristically clear-headed manner, Giddens includes an overview of the New World global marketplace, but goes beyond a conventional economic perspective to look at such larger issues as marriage, gender and the family. Giddens finds the changes largely positive---liberating women, spreading democracy, and creating new wealth--but acknowledges there are potential hazards as well with so much money crossing so many borders and distant cultures colliding. Identifying globalization as a true cultural force, this eloquent and important volume is the staring point for anyone concerned about our increasingly interconnected world. A fascinating assessment of the coming world order, Runaway World is an enlightening and thought-provoking read from one of our most incisive public thinkers

Methodological Nationalism and Beyond: Nation-State Building, Migration and the Social Sciences

Abstract: Methodological nationalism is understood as the assumption that the nation/state/society is the natural social and political form of the modern world. We distinguish three modes of methodological nationalism that have characterized main- stream social science, and then show how these have influenced research on migra- tion. We discover parallels between nationalist thinking and the conceptualization of migration in postwar social sciences. In a historical tour d'horizon, we show that this mainstream concept has developed in close interaction with nation-state building pro- cesses in the West and the role that immigration and integration policies have played within them. The shift towards a study of 'transnational communities' - the last phase in this process - was more a consequence of an epistemic move away from methodo- logical nationalism than of the appearance of new objects of observation. The article concludes by recommending new concepts for analysis that, on the one hand, are not coloured by methodological nationalism and, on the other hand, go beyond the fluidism of much contemporary social theory. After the first flurry of confusion about the nature and extent of contemporary pro- cesses of globalization, social scientists moved beyond rhetorical generalities about the decline of the nation-state and began to examine the ways in which nation-states are currently being reconfigured rather than demolished. That nation-states and nationalism are compatible with globalization was made all too obvious. We wit- nessed the flouring of nationalism and the restructuring of a whole range of new states in Eastern Europe along national lines in the midst of growing global interconnec- tions. The concomitance of these processes provides us with an intellectual opening to think about the limitations of our conceptual apparatus. It has become easier to under- stand that it is because we have come to take for granted a world divided into discrete and autonomous nation-states that we see nation-state building and global inter- connections as contradictory. The next step is to analyse how the concept of the nation-state has and still does influence past and current thinking in the social sciences, including our thinking about transnational migration. It is our aim in this article to move in this direction by exploring the intellectual potential of two hypotheses. We demonstrate that nation-state building processes have fundamentally shaped the ways immigration has been perceived and received. These perceptions have in turn influenced, though not completely determined, social science

New Globalism, New Urbanism: Gentrification as Global Urban Strategy

Abstract: This paper uses several events in New York in the late 1990s to launch two central arguments about the changing relationship between neoliberal urbanism and so–called globalization. First, much as the neoliberal state becomes a consummate agent of—rather than a regulator of—the market, the new revanchist urbanism that replaces liberal urban policy in cities of the advanced capitalist world increasingly expresses the impulses of capitalist production rather than social reproduction. As globalization bespeaks a rescaling of the global, the scale of the urban is recast. The true global cities may be the rapidly growing metropolitan economies of Asia, Latin America, and (to a lesser extent) Africa, as much as the command centers of Europe, North America and Japan. Second, the process of gentrification, which initially emerged as a sporadic, quaint, and local anomaly in the housing markets of some command–center cities, is now thoroughly generalized as an urban strategy that takes over from liberal urban policy. No longer isolated or restricted to Europe, North America, or Oceania, the impulse behind gentrification is now generalized; its incidence is global, and it is densely connected into the circuits of global capital and cultural circulation. What connects these two arguments is the shift from an urban scale defined according to the conditions of social reproduction to one in which the investment of productive capital holds definitive precedence.

Spatializing States: Toward an Ethnography of Neoliberal Governmentality

Abstract: In this exploratory article, we ask how states come to be understood as entities with particular spatial characteristics, and how changing relations between practices of government and national territories may be challenging long-established modes of state spatiality. In the first part of this article, we seek to identify two principles that are key to state spatialization: vertically (thestate is "above"society) andencompassm ent (thestate "encompasses" its localities). We use ethnographic evidence from a maternal health project in India to illustrate our argument that perceptions of verticality and encompassment are produced through routine bureaucratic practices. In the second part, we develop a concept of transnational governmentality as a way of grasping how new practices of government and new forms of "grassroots" politics may call into question the principles of vertical ity and encompassment that have long helped to legitimate and naturalize states' authority over "the local." [states, space, governmentality, globalization, neoliberalism, India, Africa] Recent years have seen a new level of anthropological concern with the modern

Global production networks and the analysis of economic development

Abstract: This article outlines a framework for the analysis of economic integration and its relation to the asymmetries of economic and social development. Consciously breaking with state-centric forms of social science, it argues for a research agenda that is more adequate to the exigencies and consequences of globalization than has traditionally been the case in 'development studies'. Drawing on earlier attempts to analyse the cross-border activities of firms, their spatial configurations and developmental consequences, the article moves beyond these by proposing the framework of the 'global production network' (GPN). It explores the conceptual elements involved in this framework in some detail and then turns to sketch a stylized example of a GPN. The article concludes with a brief indication of the benefits that could be delivered by research informed by GPN analysis.

World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030: An Fao Perspective

Abstract: This report is FAO's latest assessment of the long-term outlook for the world's food supplies, nutrition and agriculture. It presents the projections and the main messages. The projections cover supply and demand for the major agricultural commodities and sectors, including fisheries and forestry. This analysis forms the basis for a more detailed examination of other factors, such as nutrition and undernourishment, and the implications for international trade. The report also investigates the implications of future supply and demand for the natural resource base and discusses how technology can contribute to more sustainable development. One of the report's main findings is that, if no corrective action is taken, the target set by the World Food Summit in 1996 (that of halving the number of undernourished people by 2015) is not going to be met. Nothing short of a massive effort at improving the overall development performance will free the developing world of its most pressing food insecurity problems. The progress made towards this target depends on many factors, not least of which are political will and the mobilization of additional resources. Past experience underlines the crucial role of agriculture in the development process, particularly where the majority of the population still depends on this sector for employment and income.

The Cultural Industries

Abstract: Introduction: Change and Continuity, Power and Creativity PART ONE: ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORKS Theories of Culture, Theories of Cultural Production Cultural Industries in the Twentieth Century: The Key Features Why the Cultural Industries Began to Change in the 1980s PART TWO: POLICY CHANGE Marketization in Telecommunications and Broadcasting Further Changes in Policy: Copyright and the Cult of Creativity PART THREE: CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN THE CULTURAL INDUSTRIES, 1980 TO 2012 Ownership, Structure and Size Creativity and Commerce, Organization and Labour Internationalism: Neither Globalisation Nor Cultural Imperialism Digitalisation and the Internet The Impact of the Internet and Digitalisation on Existing Cultural Industries Texts: Diversity, Quality and Social Justice Conclusions: A New Era in Cultural Production? Glossary

Servants of globalization : women, migration, and domestic work

Abstract: Introduction: migrant Filipina domestic workers in Rome and Los Angeles 1. The dislocations of migrant Filipina domestic workers 2. The Philippines and the outflow of labor 3. The international division of reproductive labor 4. The transnational family: a postindustrial household structure with preindustrial values 5. Intergenerational and gender relations in transnational families 6. Contradictory class mobility: the politics of domestic work in globalization 7. The dislocation of nonbelonging: domestic workers in the Filipina migrant communities of Rome and Los Angeles Conclusion: servants of globalization: different settings, parallel lives Appendix A. Characteristics of the samples Appendix B. Tables Notes bibliography Index.

Security and Immigration: Toward a Critique of the Governmentality of Unease:

Abstract: Migration is increasingly interpreted as a security problem. The prism of security analysis is especially important for politicians, for national and local police organizations, the military police, customs officers, border patrols, secret services, armies, judges, some social services (health care, hospitals, schools), private corporations (bank analysts, providers of technology surveillance, private policing), many journalists (especially from television and the more sensationalist newspapers), and a significant fraction of general public opinion, especially but not only among those attracted to "law and order." The popularity of this security prism is not an expression of traditional responses to a rise of insecurity, crime, terrorism, and the negative effects of globalization; it is the result of the creation of a continuum of threats and general unease in which many different actors exchange their fears and beliefs in the process of making a risky and dangerous society. The professionals in charge of the management of risk and fear especially transfer the legitimacy they gain from struggles against terrorists, criminals, spies, and counterfeiters toward other targets, most notably transnational political activists, people crossing borders, or people born in the country but with foreign parents. This expansion of what security is taken to include effectively results in a convergence between the meaning of international and internal security. The convergence is particularly important in relation to the issue of migration, and specifically in relation to questions about who gets to be defined as an immigrant. The security professionals themselves, along with some academics, tend to claim that they are only responding to new threats requiring exceptional measures beyond the normal demands of everyday politics. In practice, however, the transformation of security and the consequent focus on immigrants is directly related to their own immediate interests (competition for budgets and missions) and to the transformation of technologies they use (computerized databanks, profiling and morphing, electronic phone tapping). The Europeanization and the Westernization of the logics of control and surveillance of people beyond national polices is driven by the creation of a transnational field of professionals in the management of unease. This field is larger than that of police organizations in that it includes, on one hand private corporations and organizations dealing with the control of access to the welfare state, and, on the other hand, intelligence services and some military people seeking a new role after the end of the Cold War. These professionals in the management of unease, however, are only a node connecting many competing networks responding to many groups of people who are identified as risk or just as a source of unease. (1) This process of securitization is now well known, but despite the many critical discourses that have drawn attention to the securitization of migration over the past ten years, the articulation of migration as a security problem continues. Why? What are the reasons of the persistent framing of migration in relation to terrorism, crime, unemployment and religious zealotry, on the one hand, and to integration, interest of the migrant for the national economy development, on the other, rather than in relation to new opportunities for European societies, for freedom of travel over the world, for cosmopolitanism, or for some new understanding of citizenship? (2) This is the question I want to address in this essay. Some "critical" discourses generated by NGOs and academics assume that if people, politicians, governments, bureaucracies, and journalists were more aware, they would change their minds about migration and begin to resist securitizing it. The primary problem, therefore, is ideological or discursive in that the securitization of migrants derives from the language itself and from the different capacities of various actors to engage in speech acts. …

The psychology of globalization.

Abstract: The influence of globalization on psychological functioning is examined. First, descriptions of how globalization is occurring in various world regions are presented. Then the psychological consequences of globalization are described, with a focus on identity issues. Specifically, it is argued that most people worldwide now develop a bicultural identity that combines their local identity with an identity linked to the global culture; that identity confusion may be increasing among young people in non-Western cultures as a result of globalization; that some people join self-selected cultures to maintain an identity that is separate from the global culture; and that a period of emerging adulthood increasingly extends identity explorations beyond adolescence, through the mid- to late twenties.

Neoliberal Urbanization in Europe: Large–Scale Urban Development Projects and the New Urban Policy

Abstract: This paper summarizes the theoretical insights drawn from a study of thirteen large–scale urban development projects (UDPs) in twelve European Union countries. The project focused on the way in which globalization and liberalization articulate with the emergence of new forms of governance, on the formation of a new scalar gestalt of governing and on the relationship between large–scale urban development and political, social and economic power relations in the city. Among the most important conclusions, we found that: •Large–scale UDPs have increasingly been used as a vehicle to establish exceptionality measures in planning and policy procedures. This is part of a neoliberal “New Urban Policy” approach and its selective “middle — and upper–class” democracy. It is associated with new forms of “governing” urban interventions, characterized by less democratic and more elite–driven priorities. •Local democratic participation mechanisms are not respected or are applied in a very “formalist” way, resulting in a new choreography of elite power. However, grassroots movements occasionally manage to turn the course of events in favor of local participation and of modest social returns for deprived social groups. •The UDPs are poorly integrated at best into the wider urban process and planning system. As a consequence, their impact on a city as a whole and on the areas where the projects are located remains ambiguous. •Most UDPs accentuate socioeconomic polarization through the working of real–estate markets (price rises and displacement of social or low–income housing), changes in the priorities of public budgets that are increasingly redirected from social objectives to investments in the built environment and the restructuring of the labor market. •The UDPs reflect and embody a series of processes that are associated with changing spatial scales of governance; these changes, in turn, reflect a shifting geometry of power in the governing of urbanization.

Beyond national states, markets, and systems of higher education: A glonacal agency heuristic

Abstract: This paper offers an overarching analytical heuristic that takes us beyond current research, anchored in conceptions of national states, markets, and systems of higher education institutions. We seek to shape comparative higher education research with regard to globaliza- tion in much the same way that Clark's (1983) "triangle" heuristic has framed comparative higher education research in the study of national policies and higher education systems. Our "glonacal agency heuristic" points to three intersecting planes of existence, emphasizing the simultaneous significance of global, national, and local dimensions and forces. It com- bines the meaning of "agency" as an established organization with its meaning as individual or collective action. Our paper critiques the prevailing framework in cross-national higher education research, addressing the liberal theory that underpins this framework, the ways scholars address the rise of neo-liberal policies internationally, conceptual shortcomings of this work, and emergent discourse about "academic capitalism". We then discuss globalization and our heuristic. Finally, we provide examples of how states, markets, and institutions can be reconceptualized in terms of global, national, regional, and local agencies and agency.

Green chemistry: science and politics of change.

Abstract: The chemical industry plays a key role in sustaining the world economy and underpinning future technologies, yet is under unprecedented pressure from the effects of globalization and change in many of its traditional markets. Against this background, what will be needed for the industry to embrace efforts to make it “greener”? We explore some of the issues raised by the development of “green chemistry” techniques and identify potential barriers to their implementation by industry.

Recentering Globalization: Popular Culture and Japanese Transnationalism

Abstract: Globalization is usually thought of as the worldwide spread of Western—particularly American—popular culture. Yet if one nation stands out in the dissemination of pop culture in East and Southeast Asia, it is Japan. Pokemon, anime, pop music, television dramas such as Tokyo Love Story and Long Vacation —the export of Japanese media and culture is big business. In Recentering Globalization, Koichi Iwabuchi explores how Japanese popular culture circulates in Asia. He situates the rise of Japan’s cultural power in light of decentering globalization processes and demonstrates how Japan’s extensive cultural interactions with the other parts of Asia complicate its sense of being "in but above" or "similar but superior to" the region. Iwabuchi has conducted extensive interviews with producers, promoters, and consumers of popular culture in Japan and East Asia. Drawing upon this research, he analyzes Japan’s "localizing" strategy of repackaging Western pop culture for Asian consumption and the ways Japanese popular culture arouses regional cultural resonances. He considers how transnational cultural flows are experienced differently in various geographic areas by looking at bilateral cultural flows in East Asia. He shows how Japanese popular music and television dramas are promoted and understood in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore, and how "Asian" popular culture (especially Hong Kong’s) is received in Japan. Rich in empirical detail and theoretical insight, Recentering Globalization is a significant contribution to thinking about cultural globalization and transnationalism, particularly in the context of East Asian cultural studies.

One World: The Ethics of Globalization

Abstract: Known for his thinking on matters ranging from the treatment of animals to genetic screening, Peter Singer now turns his attention to the ethical issues surrounding globalization. In this provocative book, he challenges us to think beyond the boundaries of nation-states and consider what a global ethic could mean in today's world. Singer raises questions about such an ethic and, more importantly, he seeks to provide illuminating and practical answers. The text encompasses four main global issues: climate change; the role of the World Trade Organization; human rights and humanitarian intervention; and foreign aid. Singer addresses each vital issue from an ethical perspective and offers alternatives to the state-centric approach that characterizes international theory and relations today. Posing a bold challenge to narrow or nationalistic views, Singer aims to present a realistic, new way of looking at contemporary global issues, through a prism of ethics.

Globalization and the great U-turn: Income inequality trends in 16 OECD countries

Abstract: The debate on the resurgence of income inequality in some advanced industrial societies has often focused on the impact of an increasingly integrated world economy, typified by growing capital mobility, heightened international competition, and an increase in migration. This study represents one of the first systematic, cross‐national examinations of the role of globalization in the inequality “U-turn.” Results indicate, on the one hand, that total inequality variation is principally affected by the percentage of the labor force in agriculture, followed by the institutional factors union density and decommodification, and only then by globalization. On the other hand, longitudinal variation in inequality, while still dominated by the percentage of the labor force in agriculture, is also principally affected by aspects of globalization, such as southern import penetration and direct investment outflow, and to a lesser extent by migration. In other words, globalization explains the longitudinal trend of inc...

The emergence of private authority in global governance

Abstract: Part I. Introduction: Theorizing Private Authority: 1. The emergence of private authority in the international system Rodney Bruce Hall and Thomas J. Biersteker 2. Private regimes and inter-firm cooperation A. Claire Cutler Part II. Market Authority: Globalization and 'Globaloney': 3. Economic governance in an electronically networked global economy Stephen J. Kobrin 4. Global markets, national authority and the problem of legitimation: the case of finance Louis W. Pauly 5. The state and globalization Saskia Sassen Part III. Moral Authority: Global Civil Society and Transnational Religious Movements: 6. 'Regulation for the rest of us?' Global civil society and the privatisation of transnational regulation Ronnie D. Lipschutz and Cathleen Fogel 7. The global dimensions of religious terrorism Mark Juergensmeyer Part IV. Illicit Authority: Mafias and Mercenaries: 8. Transnational organized crime and the state Phil Williams 9. The return of the dogs of war? The privatisation of security in Africa Bernadette Methuen and Ian Taylor Part V. Conclusions and Directions: 10. Private authority as global governance Thomas J. Biersteker and Rodney Bruce Hall.

Global capital, political institutions, and policy change in developed welfare states

Abstract: This book argues that the post-1970 rise in international capital mobility has not contributed to the retrenchment of developed welfare states. Nor has globalization reduced the revenue-raising capacities of governments and undercut the political institutions that support the welfare state. Rather, institutional features of the polity and the welfare state determine the extent to which the economic and political pressures associated with globalization produce welfare state retrenchment. In systems characterized by electoral institutions, social corporatist interest representation and policy-making, centralized political authority, and social insurance-based program structures, pro-welfare state interests are favored. In nations characterized by majoritarian electoral institutions, pluralist interest representation and policy-making, decentralization of policy-making authority, and liberal program structure, the economic and political pressures attendant on globalization are translated into rollbacks of social protection. Globalization has had least impact on large welfare states of Northern Europe and most effect on small welfare states of Anglo nations.

In pursuit of a new ‘enterprise’ and ‘entrepreneurship’ paradigm for learning: creative destruction, new values, new ways of doing things and new combinations of knowledge

Abstract: The paper argues for a new approach to the study of entrepreneurship and a new paradigm as a basis for entrepreneurship education. It also argues that such an approach is unlikely to come from university business schools. It needs an organisational revolution which, however, can be managed within a university as a whole. The paper is divided into two parts. The first explores the political imperative in Europe for development of the ‘enterprise culture’ and attributes this mainly to pressures for greater international competitiveness. The educational response is then examined and, with the help of a number of recent surveys, some of the key issues pertaining to the development of entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions in the UK and Europe are reviewed. The second part attempts to address the imperative at a more conceptual level. The pursuit of entrepreneurial behaviour is seen as a function of the degree of uncertainty and complexity in the task and broader environment and/or the desire of an individual, in pursuit of an opportunity or problem solution, to create it. It is argued that the key trigger for the growing interest in entrepreneurship is globalization. The way in which this has impacted on the role of the state, the organization of business activity and public services and on individuals to create greater uncertainty and complexity in the environment is explored. This leads to a conclusion that a wide range of stakeholders are being confronted with the need for entrepreneurial behaviour, for example, priests, doctors, teachers, policemen, pensioners and community workers and, indeed, potentially everyone in the community. Entrepreneurship is therefore not solely the prerogative of business. It follows that the traditional focus of entrepreneurship education on business, and new venture management in particular, provides an inadequate basis for response to societal needs. Moreover, the pervasive ideology of the ‘heroic’ entrepreneur can be seen as a dysfunctional when viewed against the needs of a wider community. The wider notion of ‘enterprise’ is therefore introduced as a means of moving away from the hitherto narrow paradigm. How this relates to the development of the individual and the design of enterprising organizations is explored. The paper explores the challenge of this broader context by reference to a number of issues central to the globalization debate including: culture, market liberalization, forms of governance and democracy. It then links these with the ontological and epistemological challenge to education. It concludes with discussion as to how this relates to the traditional concept of a university and argues that universities as a whole are in a much better position to respond to the challenge than are business schools.

Handbook of International Research in Mathematics Education

Abstract: This state-of-the-art Handbook brings together important mathematics education research that makes a difference in both theory and practice--research that: *anticipates problems and needed knowledge before they become impediments to progress; *interprets future-oriented problems into researchable issues; *presents the implications of research and theory development in forms that are useful to practitioners and policymakers; and *facilitates the development of research communities to focus on neglected priorities or strategic opportunities. The volume represents a genuine attempt by contributors from around the world to advance the discipline, rather than simply review what has been done and what exists. The Handbook was developed in response to a number of major global catalysts for change, including the impact of national and international mathematics comparative assessment studies; the social, cultural, economic, and political influences on mathematics education and research; the influence of progressively sophisticated and available technology; and the increasing globalization of mathematics education and research. From these catalysts have emerged specific priority themes and issues for mathematics education research in the 21st century. Three key themes were identified for attention in this volume: *life-long democratic access to powerful mathematical ideas; *advances in research methodologies; and *influences of advanced technologies. Each of these themes is examined in terms of learners, teachers, and learning contexts, with theory development as an important component of all these aspects. Dynamic and forward looking, the Handbook of International Research in Mathematics Education is distinguished by its focus on new and emerging theoretical models, perspectives, and research methodologies; its uniformly high standard of scholarship; and its emphasis on the international nature of mathematics education research. It is an essential volume for all researchers, professionals, and students interested in mathematics education research in particular and, more generally, in international developments and future directions in the broad field of educational research.

What is Globalization

Abstract: Ulrich Beck argues here that globalization has transformed the old categories of political action away from the national state. This transformation is possible because the multinational corporation has recaptured the power it lost in the development of democratic capitalism and the welfare state. This is made possible by its ability to withhold material resources from the state. Thus, they can change not only the economy of a nation but society itself. Globalization policies, he argues, are intended to sever the power of both trade unions and the state itself. The “final aim” of such policies is to dismantle the state to achieve the “market utopia” of the minimal state, which is the implementation of the ideology of neoliberalism. The power to achieve the above is created by the transnational corporations’ (TNCs) ability to export jobs from uncooperative states, to develop a global division of labor, and to play countries off against one another. This leads to the development of “subpolitics” in which the TNC has power beyond established political systems. Thus, in the new modernity, politics recedes before the expansion of the economic realm. Globalization undermines the nation-state because its effects cut across traditional boundaries. Ironically, as politicians court the TNC with incentives, they undermine their own political authority and the public good. Rather than enhancing social justice as the rhetoric of globalization suggests, globalization increases injustice even further. The framework for balancing the conflicts between rich and poor no longer exist at the time when the gulf between them is widening at alarming rates. Thus, Beck concludes that neoliberals who present themselves as the reformers of the West are ultimately its destroyers. Beck distinguishes between globalism, globality, and globalization. Globalism is the ideology of neoliberalism, which demands rule by the world market. It effectively negates the political, resulting in complete economic reductionism. Globality suggests a world society in which closed spaces of the past have become illusory. Rather, social relationships are not determined by national state politics. Its essence is “multiplicity without unity.” Finally, globalization denotes the processes by which the nation-state is undermined by transnational actors. He argues within this framework that globality in the new modernity is irreversible for a number of reasons. Among these are density of international trade, the revolution in information technology, the global culture industry, and growing power of transnational actors to name a few. Unlike global homogenization theorists, world society is conceived here as multiplicity and nonintegration. It also means no world state or world society without a world state or world government. Globalization thus leads to “globally disorganized capitalism” unconstrained by external control. Noting that the discourse of globalization is fuzzy at best, Beck argues that there are multiple dimensions of globalization that need to be considered. These include information, ecological, economic, production, and cultural globalization. Within these contexts, the fundamental premise of modernity has been that the various contours of society coincide with national borders. It is within the context of globality that the identification of society with the state is becoming less meaningful. It is thus a negation of the “container theory of society” that has informed social theory to date and made the nation-state the unit of analysis. How this has played out in various theories is demonstrated by an examination of several prevalent approaches to globalization. The progress of globalization is characterized as a somewhat dialectical process between the nation-state and the transnational corporation. In consideration of transnational civil society, Beck suggests that new transnational spaces open for transnational actors who have no legitimate power. Several theorists are examined. These range from Wallerstein’s (1979) world system that suggests that the global logic of capitalism dominates the process, to Gilpin and Gilpin (2000), who argue that the development of transnational social spaces requires a permissive political structure making globalization contingent. Beck then offers his own “world risk society” based on global ecological risks that know no boundaries. He sees a new cosmopolitan consciousness predicated on the notion that global threats create global society. Here the TNC is not a direct agent of change as it is in other approaches. It is tied indirectly, however, in the consequences of its actions caused by both affluence and poverty. Such global risks bring involuntary politicization. The cultural transformations of globalization that might be summed in the “McDonaldization” thesis are disputed because they suggest a one-dimensional process. Globalization actually gives new meaning to the idea of the local as narrowly geographic because, for example, there can be no global production but only multiple local productions. He refers to this process as translocal or occurring in several places at one time. Within the translocal view, he refers to different types of distinction as exclusive or inclusive. In the former, one is a member of one group or another depending on the side of the

Cultivating a global mindset

Abstract: Executive Overview The economic landscape of the world is changing rapidly and becoming increasingly global. For virtually every medium-sized to large company in developed as well as developing economies, market opportunities, critical resources, cutting-edge ideas, and competitors lurk not just around the corner in the home market but increasingly in distant and often little-understood regions of the world as well. How successful a company is at exploiting emerging opportunities and tackling their accompanying challenges depends crucially on how intelligent it is at observing and interpreting the dynamic world in which it operates. Creating a global mindset is one of the central ingredients required for building such intelligence. In this article, we address the following issues: why mindset matters, what a global mindset is, the value of a global mindset, and finally, what companies can do to cultivate a global mindset.

Power and Resistance in the New World Order

Abstract: Preface to the first edition Preface to the second edition Personal, Political and Intellectual Influences PART I: SOCIAL AND INTERNATIONAL THEORY Epistemology, Ontology and the Critique of Political Economy Transnational Historical Materialism and World Order Hegemony, Culture and Imperialism PART II: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF WORLD ORDER US Hegemony in the 1980s: Limits and Prospects The Power of Capital: Direct and Structural Globalization, Market Civilization and Disciplinary Neo-Liberalism The Geopolitics of the Asian Crisis Law, Justice and New Constitutionalism PART III: GLOBAL TRANSFORMATION AND POLITICAL AGENCY Globalizing Elites in the Emerging World Order Surveillance Power in Global Capitalism The Post-modern Prince Alternatives, Real and Imagined

The Spaces and Times of Globalization: Place, Scale, Networks, and Positionality*

Abstract: Discussions of the spatiality of globalization have largely focused on place-based attributes that fix globalization locally, on globalization as the construction of scale, and on networks as a distinctive feature of contemporary globalization. By contrast, position within the global economy is frequently regarded as anachronistic in a shrinking, networked world. A critical review of how place, scale, and networks are used as metaphors for the spatiality of globalization suggests that space/time still matters. Positionality (position in relational space/time within the global economy) is conceptualized as both shaping and shaped by the trajectories of globalization and as influencing the conditions of possibility of places in a globalizing world. The wormhole is invoked as a way of describing the concrete geographies of positionality and their non-Euclidean relationship to the Earth’s surface. The inclusion of positionality challenges the simplicity of pro- and antiglobalization narratives and can...

Imagining solidarity: cosmopolitanism, constitutional patriotism, and the public sphere

Abstract: Globalization and the coming of postnational and transnational society are often presented as matters of necessity. Globalization appears as an inexorable force—perhaps of progress, perhaps simply of a capitalist juggernaut, but in any case irresistible. European integration, for example, is often sold to voters as a necessary response to the global integration of capital. In Asia, Latin America, and elsewhere, a similar economistic imaginary is deployed to suggest that globalization moves of itself, and governments and citizens have only the option of adapting. Even where the globalist imaginary is not overwhelmingly economistic, it commonly shares in the image of a progressive and imperative modernization. Many accounts of the impact and implications of information technology exemplify this. Alternatives to globalization, on the other hand, are generally presented in terms of inherited identities and solidarities in need of defense. Usually this means nations and cultural identities imagined on the model of nations; sometimes it means religions, civilizations, or other structures of identity presented by their advocates as received rather than created. The social imaginary of inherited cultural tradition and social identity is prominent in ideologies like Hindutva and

Walking the Talk: The Business Case for Sustainable Development

Abstract: Ten years on from the Rio Earth Summit, world leaders will gather again in Johannesburg for the World Summit on Sustainable Development in September. As planetary anxieties about globalization, poverty and climate change grow, where does the international business community stand? Are they a barrier to change or an engine for it? One outcome of Rio was Changing Course, the hugely influential book by Swiss industrialist Stephan Schmidheiny, which argued that business needed to be part of the solution to global environmental degradation. Now, Schmidheiny has joined with fellow prime movers in the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD – the key business organization focusing on policy research and development in this crucial area), Chad Holliday, Chairman and CEO of DuPont; and Philip Watts, Chairman of Shell; to spell out the real business case for addressing sustainable development as a key strategic issue. The results are ground-breaking. For the first time, leading industrialists are arguing that not only is sustainable development good for business, the solving of environmental and social problems is essential for future growth. Drawing on a wealth of case studies and personal interviews from business leaders operating around the world, Walking the Talk clearly demonstrates that the vanguard who have operationalized leading-edge environmental and social initiatives are benefiting in a myriad of ways that benefit the bottom line – and the planet. The book argues that the time for rhetoric is over. The business of business has changed. Even more remarkably, the authors insist that a global partnership – between governments, business and civil society – is essential, if accelerating moves towards globalization are to maximize opportunities for all – especially the world's poor. As Chad Holliday recently stated in an address to the United Nations: "Given existing technology and products, for all six billion people on the planet to live like the average American, we would require the equivalent of three planet Earths to provide the material, create the energy and dispose of the waste." Such an option is evidently not available and the book argues that far more eco-efficient and socially equitable modes of development must be pursued in order to allow poorer nations to raise their standards of living. The solution provided by Walking the Talk is to mobilize markets in favour of sustainability, leveraging the power of innovation and global markets for the benefits of everyone – not just the developed world. This means a further liberalization of the market-a move that would be condemned by anti-globalization protestors. Yet, as the authors argue, business cannot succeed in failing societies. When the global market fails poor countries, where most of the world's people live, it will also eventually fail business. Subsidies for rich countries' products and tariffs against poor countries' products do not constitute a "free" market, or one that best serves people or business. Similarly, governments cannot subsidize fossil fuels or water and expect businesses, or ordinary citizens, to use them efficiently. So, a new, fair and equitable market is needed. A market that can work for all. The authors therefore call on protestors against globalization to stop protesting against the market and instead to campaign instead against the perverse policies that impoverish people and their environment. Walking the Talk explores the opportunities and challenges inherent in eco-efficiency (producing more with less), corporate social responsibility, and a transparent, "wired" world where reputations can be irreversibly damaged – or enhanced – in real time. It also devotes a chapter to ways in which corporations can and must "learn to change". It examines the new partnerships needed among companies, governments, and civil society to produce real change, and the ways in which these alliances can work for all concerned. And it argues that consumer choice and consumer information should be encouraged as a positive force for sustainable development. Only what is valued is carefully used and so creating markets for environmental goods and services may be the best way to protect scarce resources. This is especially true in efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change, where business-like approaches, such as the development of carbon trading, offer workable solutions to policy-makers. Whether small, medium or large, all businesses must innovate and change to meet the social and environmental challenges of the coming years. Walking the Talk provides a broad set of proven roadmaps to success as well as real-life inspiration for business to embrace the real challenge – to build a global economy that works for all the world's people.

Migration and Community Formation under Conditions of Globalization

Abstract: This article sets out to rethink the dynamics of the migratory process under conditions of globalization. Two main models of migration and incorporation dominated academic and policy approaches in the late twentieth century: first, the settler model, according to which immigrants gradually integrated into economic and social relations, re-united or formed families and eventually became assimilated into the host society (sometimes over two or three generations); second, the temporary migration model, according to which migrant workers stayed in the host country for a limited period, and maintained their affiliation with their country of origin. Globalization, defined as a proliferation of cross-border flows and transnational networks, has changed the context for migration. New technologies of communication and transport allow frequent and multi-directional flows of people, ideas and cultural symbols. The erosion of nation-state sovereignty and autonomy weakens systems of border-control and migrant assimilation. The result is the transformation of the material and cultural practices associated with migration and community formation, and the blurring of boundaries between different categories of migrants. These trends will be illustrated through case-studies of a number of Asian and European immigration countries. It is important to re-think our understanding of the migratory process, to understand new forms of mobility and incorporation, particularly the emergence of transnational communities, multiple identities and multi-layered citizenship.