Showing papers on "Globodera rostochiensis published in 2018"

Aphid Colonization Affects Potato Root Exudate Composition and the Hatching of a Soil Borne Pathogen

Abstract: Plants suffer multiple, simultaneous biotic threats from both above and below ground. These pests and/or pathogens are commonly studied on an individual basis and the effects of above-ground pests on below-ground pathogens are poorly defined. Root exudates from potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) were analyzed to characterize the top-down plant-mediated interactions between a phloem-sucking herbivore (Myzus persicae) and a sedentary, endoparasitic nematode (Globodera pallida). Increasing inocula of the aphid, M. persicae, reduced the root mass of potato plants. Exudates collected from these roots induced significantly lower hatching of second-stage juveniles from G. pallida eggs over a 28-day period, than those from uninfested control plants. Inhibition of hatch was significantly positively correlated with size of aphid inoculum. Diminished hatching was partially recovered after treatment with root exudate from uninfested potato plants indicating that the effect on hatching is reversible but cannot be fully recovered. Glucose and fructose content was reduced in root exudates from aphid-infested potato plants compared to controls and these sugars were found to induce hatching of G. pallida, but not to the same degree as potato root exudates (PRE). Supplementing aphid-infested PRE with sugars did not recover the hatching potential of the treatment, suggesting that additional compounds play an important role in egg hatch. The first gene upregulated in the closely related potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis post-exposure to host root exudate, Neprilysin-1, was confirmed to be upregulated in G. pallida cysts after exposure to PRE and was also upregulated by the sugar treatments. Significantly reduced upregulation of Gpa-nep-1 was observed in cysts treated with root exudates from potato plants infested with greater numbers of aphids. Our data suggest that aphid infestation of potato plants affects the composition of root exudates, with consequential effects on the hatching and gene expression of G. pallida eggs. This work shows that an above-ground pest can indirectly impact the rhizosphere and reveals secondary effects for control of an economically important below-ground pathogen.

Early Selection of Potato Clones with the H1 Resistance Gene - the Relation of Nematode Resistance to Quality Characteristics

Abstract: Breeding a new potato cultivar is a long-term process ending with a few elite individuals from initially large populations. Screening for resistance in the seedling and first clonal generations is a cost-effective and efficient way to reduce the time needed to create a new variety. Unlike the phenotypic assessment of resistance to nematodes, marker-assisted selection (MAS) can be applied at early stages of selection. The frequent question among breeders is about the impact of early selection for resistance on the agronomic value of finally selected resistant progeny. The study presents a relationship between the presence of markers TG689 and 57R and some agricultural traits in field grown seedlings and three successive vegetative generations. Both markers are linked to H1 gene, which confers resistance to the golden cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis . Clones with these markers had higher total tuber and starch yield than those without the markers. A negative relationship between marker presence and quality was not observed.

An Evaluation of two H1-Linked Markers and their Suitability for Selecting Globodera rostochiensis Resistant Potatoes in the New York Breeding Program

Abstract: The golden cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) is a serious pest that can dramatically reduce potato crop yield. Pathotype Ro1 of G. rostochiensis was first detected in the United States in 1941 and is still present on several farms in New York State. The H1 gene confers high levels of resistance to pathotype Ro1 but screening for it with a bioassay is time consuming and expensive. In this study two known molecular markers, 57R and TG689, were evaluated for their ability to identify resistant clones among 38 global cultivars and 350 New York breeding clones. The ability of either marker to predict resistance was high – 99.7% and 98.3% for 57R and TG689, respectively – but the ability to predict susceptibility was much lower, 47% and 41%, respectively. As resistance is the trait of interest, either of these markers is sufficient to make selection decisions in a practical breeding program. Cases exhibiting discordance between presence/absence of diagnostic markers and bioassay results were investigated further. Recombination, inflow of other resistance genes, and occasional failure of marker- and/or bio-assays are discussed as potential causes.

Resistance of Potato Breeding Clones and Cultivars to Three Species of Potato Cyst Nematode

Abstract: In the United States, potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida are quarantined pests. A new cyst nematode species, Globodera ellingtonae, discovered in Oregon and Idaho, reproduces well on potato but is not currently a quarantine pest. Identifying resistance to all three Globodera spp. would provide a valuable management tool. Thirteen breeding clones and nine cultivars were evaluated in Oregon, Idaho, and New York laboratories where the nematode populations are maintained. Minitubers or tissue culture plants were planted into pots and inoculated with eggs in replicated experiments. Results indicated that five entries were partially resistant or resistant to all three species, while another five were resistant or partially resistant to G. rostochiensis and G. ellingtonae. Resistance to G. rostochiensis pathotypes Ro1 and Ro4 is controlled by the H1 gene and this study suggests that H1 may confer resistance to G. ellingtonae as well. Observed resistance to G. pallida was lower relative to the levels of resistance observed for G. rostochiensis and G. ellingtonae. Germplasm with G. pallida or G. ellingtonae resistance will be used in hybridizations to develop russet-skinned cultivars with long tubers which represent the predominant market class in western U.S. production, and to further explore the basis of potato resistance to Globodera spp.

Testing potato collection samples for the presence of genes for resistance to phytopathogens by means of DNA markers.

Abstract: The development of phytopathogen-resistant varieties is the most reliable and economic way to reduce potato yield losses. Breeding of such varieties is possible by using genetic sources of resistance. The use of DNA markers for identification of valuable genotypes, including forms with several resistance genes, makes it possible to significantly improve breeding efficiency. The development of a multiplex PCR technique and using it to simultaneously test varieties and breeding lines for several genes that control the resistance to viruses and nematodes is a new approach to using DNA markers. This study is aimed at screening samples from the collection of the Narym Department of Breeding and Seed Production of the Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture and Peat (the Branch of the Siberian Federal Agrobiotechnology Research Center, the Russian Academy of Sciences) using the multiplex PCR technique, for genes for resistance to Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallidas, potato wart disease, viruses X and Y. 40 samples were tested by means of genetic markers to identify genes for resistance to potato wart disease (Sen1), virus X (Rx), virus Y (Ryadg, Rychc, Rysto), Globodera rostochiensis (H1, Gro1-4) and Globodera pallida (Gpa2), in the genome. The sample included two varieties, three populations produced by self-pollination of the Ideal variety, and 35 individually selected potato hybrids. As a result, we identified marker NL25 (Sen1) in 19 samples; marker PVX (Rx) in 13 samples; marker RYSC 3312 (Ryadg) in 10 samples; marker YES3-3A341 (Rysto) in 5 samples; markers TG 689 141 , 57R 450 , N195 337 (H1) in 12 samples; marker Gro1-4-1 602 (Gro1-4) in 6 samples; marker Gpa2-2 452 (Gpa2) in 13 samples. In terms of economically valuable traits, sample С-31-15 is noted for high yield and quality indicators. It carries genes for resistance to potato virus X (Rx), Y (Rysto), Globodera rostochiensis (H1, Gro1-4), and Globodera pallida (Gpa2).

RNA seq analysis of potato cyst nematode interactions with resistant and susceptible potato roots

Abstract: Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) are important pests in crop production, especially since they persist in the soil and may affect further potato production for many years. Little is known about putative resistance and susceptibility targets as well as the general signaling in potato after interactions with PCN. Here we characterize a new potato breeding clone, SW-1015, found to harbor resistance to Globodera rostochiensis pathotype Ro1/4, the main PCN pathotype present in Sweden. SW-1015 contains the H1 resistance gene. We then describe susceptible and resistant reactions of potato infested by G. rostochiensis Ro1/4 in a global potato RNA-seq analysis. Only the resistant clone reacted to PCN infection quickly (8 hpi), and the reaction included up-regulation of a TSRF1 transcription factor. 48 h after PCN infection, massive RNA reprograming was evident in both resistant and susceptible clones. In the resistant interaction, several genes were up-regulated including germins and a cysteine protease, as well as a laccase. In contrast, the susceptible interaction involved up-regulation of genes for auxin transport and homeobox binding. Enriched GO terms for kinase activity, calmodulin, and Ca2+ ion binding in susceptible potato might reflect the initiation of nematode feeding structures. A TIR receptor like protein member was induced in the susceptible interaction only, making this a putative susceptibility factor. The RNA data is deposited at ArrayExpress with the number E-MTAB-5215.

Effects of bacterial endophytes from potato roots and tubers on potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis)

Abstract: Istifadah N, Pratama N, Taqwim S, Sunarto T. 2018. Effects of bacterial endophytes from potato roots and tubers on potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis). Biodiversitas 19: 47-51. Bacterial endophytes are bacteria that inhabit plant tissues without causing any diseases. The endophytes existence may have negative, neutral, or positive effects on the host plants. This paper discusses the effects of bacterial endophytes isolated from potato roots and tubers on potato growth and their abilities to suppress potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis. The bacterial endophytes were isolated from roots and tubers of potatoes obtained from six plantation areas in West Java. The endophyte isolates were examined for their effects on potato growth. The non-pathogenic isolates were tested for their abilities to suppress G. rostochiensis in vitro and in potato plants. The results showed that from 88 bacterial endophyte isolates obtained, 13 isolates caused rot in potato seed pieces, 22 isolates inhibited the potato growth, while, 2 isolates increased the growth, and as many as 51 isolates did not influence the growth. The in vitro test using the isolate culture filtrate revealed that there were seven isolates that caused mortality of G. rostochiensis juvenile-2 by 67.5-97.7%. These isolates, however, were not effective in damaging the nematode eggs. In the greenhouse experiment, the bacterial endophyte isolates suppressed the number of cysts by 51.7-65.4% and that of the juvenile-2 of G. rostochiensis by 48.6-76.4%.

Study of European and Czech populations of potato cyst nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida) by RAPD method

Abstract: Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) are the big problem in worldwide planting of potatoes and another Solanaceous plants. Identification of individual pathotypes according to international scheme is very demanding but a very important part of the phytosanitary process to control these pests. Molecular genetic identification of different plant and animal species or individuals is a very interesting way at the present time and let’s hope that it will be important in future. This report presents results of the RAPD study of nine different real PCN populations. There were five Globodera rostochiensis populations and four G. pallida populations. Pathotypes Ro2, Ro2/3, Ro4, Ro5, Pa2 and Pa3 were from European populations; population Ro1 and X were of Czech provenance. Genetics variable of these populations was described by a set of six decameric primers (OPA 07, OPG 03, OPG 05, OPG 08, OPG 10 and OPG 13). Genetic dissimilarity was by Gel Manager for Windows evaluated. Detectable differences behind all populations were found and the dendrogram was compiled. The unknown population X was sorted into group of Globodera pallida species subgroup of Pa2 consequently.

Identification of PCN species (Globodera rostochiensis, G. pallida) by using of ITS-1 region's polymorphism

Abstract: Progressive methods of molecular analyses of DNA are routinely used in the fields of zoological and botanical taxonomy, pest management and plant breeding. Knowledge of species-composition in populations of potato cyst nematodes ( Globodera rostochiensis, G. pallida) is very important for selection of appropriate measure of regulation PCN’s occurrence. The molecular method for distinguishing of PCN species is described in this article. European populations of PCN – Sluknov (Ro1), Obersteinbach (Ro2), Harmerz (Ro5), Kalle (Pa2), Chavornay (Pa3), Delmsen (Pa3), and some cysts of unknown pathotype from Kasperske hory (K) locality were used. Species-specific sets of primers for ITS-1 (Internal Transcribed Spacer 1) amplification were designed on base of known sequences ITS-1 of both PCN species by using of freeware Primers! for the World Wide Web. By using of set Fro1-Rro1 was product 411 bp detected (only in cause G. rostochiensis), by using of set Fpa2-Rpa1 the product 239 bp was detected (only G. pallida). For these reasons the identity of the European populations was confirmed. Cysts of population K were identified as G. pallida.

Integrated management reduces Globodera rostochiensis abundance and enhances nematode community composition

Abstract: The potato cyst nematode is a major threat to potato production worldwide. In the highlands of Veracruz State, Mexico, potato cultivation has been the main economic activity during the last seven decades, and it is severely affected by the high abundance of Globodera rostochiensis. In this study, the field efficacy of chemical nematicides, nematophagous fungi, crop rotation and the combination of the latter two strategies were assessed on G. rostochiensis abundance while also considering their effects on the free-living nematode community. Integrated management combining the use of nematophagous fungi and crop rotation was the most effective strategy for decreasing the abundance of G. rostochiensis (up to 13%). Additionally, high diversity, low disturbance, and a slightly higher structure were observed in the nematode community in the integrated management treatment. Although nematophagous fungi and crop rotation separately were less effective in reducing G. rostochiensis abundance (41% and 23%, r...

Variability of D2/D3 segment sequences of several populations and pathotypes of potato cyst nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis, Globodera pallida)

Abstract: Douda O., Zouhar M., Novakova E., Mazakova J., Rysanek P . (2010): Variability of D2/D3 segment sequences of several populations and pathotypes of potato cyst nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis, Globodera pallida ). Plant Protect. Sci., 46: 171–180. Potato cyst nematodes ( Globodera rostochiensis , Globodera pallida ) remain a key pest in the main potato grow ing regions of the Czech Republic. Due to difficult direct management and presence of diverse pathotypes at tacking different potato cultivars the rapid and reliable diagnostics is of crucial importance. Currently, efforts are aimed at a description of different pathotypes based on DNA analysis. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the homogeneity of sequences of D2/D3 segments of the 28S rDNA gene obtained from 3 popula tions of G. rostochiensis and 5 populations of G. pallida and estimate their value for diagnostic purposes. PCR amplification yielded a single fragment of the length of 700 bp approximately in all populations. The alignment score of the vast majority of all pair comparisons of G. rostochiensis and G. pallida populations varied from 98 to 99. In total 14 point deletions and 3 substitutions were observed. The variability of D2/D3 segments of potato cyst nematodes is rather low and this DNA region can be used for diagnostics on a species level because more differences were found after comparing with G. tabacum and G. millefolii sequences obtained from Gene Bank; however the applicability of D2/D3 sequences to routine diagnostics of potato cyst nematodes could be complicated by its similarity to corresponding sequences of the nematode G. artemisiae .

Breeding for Resistance to the Potato Cyst Nematode in Ukraine

Abstract: Ukrainian breeders from Institute of Potato Research and nematologists from Institute of Plant Protection have been breeding potato cultivars for resistance to potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis Wollenweber, pathotype Ro1 since 1994. Three new nematode resistant potato cultivars (Dnipryanka, Zahadka, Lileya) have been bred since then. These cultivars belong to different maturity groups and have many characters of economic importance (high yield potential, good taste quality, disease resistance).

Nematicidal effect of Lepidium sativum on activity and reproduction of potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis in soil

Abstract: In Iran, potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) jeopardizes the traditionally high yields of potatoes in Hamadan Province in the west of Iran. Biofumigation is an eco-friendly method for in...

TerraRossa: A Mid-Season Specialty Potato with Red Flesh and Skin and Resistance to Common Scab and Golden Cyst Nematode

Abstract: TerraRossa (POR01PG20–12) is a mid-season specialty potato, released by Oregon State University, and is a product of the Northwest Potato Variety (Tri-State) Development Program. This cultivar is unique among commercially available potato cultivars in that plants produce small- to medium-sized smooth, oblong- to long-shaped tubers with red skin and red flesh. Total tuber yields of TerraRossa are similar to Dark Red Norland and less than Red La Soda. Average tuber size (136 g) is less than both of the comparison cultivars, reflecting inherent differences in tuber size distribution. TerraRossa tubers have total antioxidant levels higher than traditional white fresh varieties and comparable to the All Blue purple potato, known for its high antioxidant levels. Sensory evaluations of TerraRossa tubers indicated that it has good culinary attributes following boiling, baking, and microwaving. Potato chips made from TerraRossa tubers retained their unique red color, which represents a novelty in the chipping industry. TerraRossa could be a good candidate for the organic sector due to its tolerance to common scab (Streptomyces scabies) and tuber late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and its resistance to golden cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis). Due to its high yields, high chipping quality, good culinary properties, high antioxidant content and disease resistance, TerraRossa is a good candidate for opening new specialty type markets, adding diversity to the marketplace.

Infección in vitro de cepas de Beauveria spp. sobre Globodera rostochiensis Wollenweber (1923)

Abstract: The golden nematode Globodera rostochiensis is one of the main problems in the potato crop (Solanum tuberosum L.); its cysts can remain viable in the soil for up to 30 years. Chemical nematicides are used for its control; however, biopesticides are an effective alternative in the control of agricultural pests. Four strains of the fungus Beauveria spp. were isolated and evaluated at concentrations of 1 × 104, 1 × 105, 1 × 106 on cysts of G. rostochiensis. 72 h since the process began, the infection was observed on the cysts in all dilutions and all strains, but RH4 strain was the only one that infected the nematode in the egg stage at all concentrations. After 96 hours, infection was observed in the different strains on the juveniles, except the U9 that presented infection after 120 h. This proves that Beauveria spp. can be used for the control of G. rostochiensis.