Showing papers on "Li-Fi published in 2018"

Toward Designing a Li-Fi-Based Hierarchical IoT Architecture

Abstract: Current wireless communication technologies, such as wireless-fidelity (Wi-Fi) and Bluetooth, use radio waves as the basic medium in transferring information. Even though these technologies are widely spread, the need of exploring alternatives to transmit data wirelessly and more efficiently is a must. The reason behind that relies on the current limitations of the radio frequency (RF) band, which include overcrowding and interference with other RF applications. To explore alternatives, much research has been conducted to prove the possibility of using visible light as a wireless medium for transferring data. As a result, a new technology was presented by a German physicist Harald Haas, called light-fidelity (Li-Fi), which is a wireless technology that utilizes visible light as a communication medium instead of using the basic radio wave. Recently, Li-Fi technology has attracted the research community. Various studies have been conducted to improve the technology. However, there is still a noticeable need to support the research field due to the modernity of the technology. Hence, this paper presents an extensive survey of the previous studies and projects conducted on the technology, besides multiple leading companies working on the manufacture of Li-Fi-compatible products. In addition, a Li-Fi-based IoT architecture is proposed in this paper, which relies on the collection of data from multiple environments, where Li-Fi is installed. Li-Fi-generated data are analyzed and processed to make intelligent decisions to enhance services in many sectors.

Design of a 2.2-mW 24-Mb/s CMOS VLC Receiver SoC With Ambient Light Rejection and Post-Equalization for Li-Fi Applications

Abstract: This paper presents an energy-efficient visible light communication (VLC) receiver system-on-a-chip (SoC) that employs ambient light rejection (ALR) and post-equalization techniques for emerging light fidelity (Li-Fi) applications using ordinary phosphorescent white light-emitting diodes (LEDs). A current-reuse transimpedance amplifier is proposed for energy-efficient applications. An ALR unit is implemented to eliminate the potential DC interference under strong ambient light. A two-stage continuous-time linear equalizer is utilized to compensate for the limited bandwidth of white LEDs, which is below 3 MHz. Implemented in a 0.18 μm CMOS process, the receiver occupies an area of 0.7 × 0.4 mm2 and consumes 2.2 mW of power at 24 Mb/s from a 1.8 V power supply. An IEEE 802.15.7 PHY-II compliant Li-Fi link that employs the proposed receiver SoC and a custom transmitter SoC is demonstrated based on 1-W phosphorescent white LEDs without using blue filtering, achieving a bit error rate of 1 × 10−9 for data rates up to 24 Mb/s over 1.6 m distance, and 22 Mb/s over 2.7 m distance, with on–off keying modulation and 211−1 pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS-11) optical inputs. The receiver SoC achieves a bit efficiency six times better than that of the prior art using off-the-shelf discrete components, and can tolerate an ambient light level of 3500 lx. A figure of merit accommodating the most important system parameters is also proposed for a comprehensive comparison of different VLC systems.

Li-Fi Based Automatic Traffic Signal Control for Emergency Vehicles

Abstract: India is one of the fastest developing country in the world. One of the disadvantages of this unprecedented growth is the ineffective traffic management. Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) is a form of bi-directional Visible Light Communication (VLC) in which light is modulated at speeds greater than a human eye can follow. Li-Fi can be used to implement Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) communication as it has many advantages over other communication protocols. One of the main advantages of Li-Fi is that it provides connectivity within a very large area with more security and higher data rates. Emergency vehicles such as Ambulances, Firefighting trucks, Police vehicles etc. can propagate faster through traffic-dense roads using Li-Fi based V2V communication system. In this paper, a V2V communication system is proposed in which the headlight and tail light of a vehicle are made as Li-Fi transmitter and Li-Fi receiver respectively. Using the proposed system, when a traffic signal receives an alert regarding an emergency vehicle, the traffic signal would immediately turn green. Thus, decreasing the waiting time of emergency vehicles in traffic dense lanes. The proposed system was designed, implemented and tested for its operation.

Fuzzy Logic Based Network Selection in Hybrid OCC/Li-Fi Communication System

Abstract: For being highly energy efficient and inexpensive, the use of current commercial LEDs for transmitting data is considered as a significant milestone in the area of optical wireless communications. Light-fidelity (Li-Fi) and optical camera communications (OCC) are two latest technologies which use LED as transmitter, with PD and camera as receivers, respectively. Currently, Li-Fi is emerged as highly promising as it supports high data rate and security. But it suffers from some limitations, e.g., short communication distance, low signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) etc. OCC can overcome these limitations, but it only supports lower data rate. Therefore., to provide proper solution, we propose a hybrid OCC/Li-Fi system. We are not going to use both the technologies at the same time, rather access point is selected based on fuzzy logic, considering different application scenarios. Furthermore, at the end of this paper, the performance of the selection mechanism is discussed briefly.

Li-Fi and Wi-Fi with common backhaul: Coordination and resource allocation

Abstract: Visible light communication (VLC)-also known as light fidelity (Li-Fi)-networks will play an important role in the near future, since they will provide full coverage and improved data rates for indoor wireless applications. In this paper, the coexistence of Li-Fi and Wi-Fi networks is investigated for the multi-user scenario, under the practical assumption that both of them are served by the same backhaul network (e.g., optical fiber). More specifically, we study the resource allocation and coordination problems by maximizing the proportional fairness of all users. To do so, we formulate and solve an optimization problem for the power allocation of the hybrid Li-Fi/Wi-Fi scenario, under the constraint of the common backhaul. Computer simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed analysis.

Interference Characterization in Downlink Li-Fi Optical Attocell Networks

Abstract: Wireless access to data using visible light, popularly known as light-fidelity (Li-Fi), is one of the key emerging technologies that promises huge bandwidths and data rates. In Li-Fi, the data are modulated on optical intensities and transmitted and detected using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and photodiodes, respectively. A network of such LED access points illuminates a given region in the form of attocells. Akin, to wireless networks, co-channel interference or simply interference is a major impediment in Li-Fi attocell networks. Also, when in such networks, the field of view (FOV) of a photodiode is limited, and the network interference distribution gets affected significantly. So, for any given network scenario, interference characterization is critical for a good system design. Currently, there are no good closed-form approximations to interference in Li-Fi attocell networks that can be used for the analysis of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (or coverage), particularly for the case of limited FOVs. In this paper, using a technique from Fourier analysis, we provide a very close approximation to interference in one- and two-dimensional Li-Fi attocell networks for any given finite inter-LED separation. We validate the interference approximation by providing theoretical error bounds using asymptotics and by performing numerical simulations. We show that our method of approximation can be extended to characterize interference in limited FOV scenarios as well.

Image Transmission Using Li-Fi

Abstract: We went from 56kbps wired ARPANET connections limited to the US military in the 1960s, to unimaginably fast wireless 100 Mbps connections in the 2010s. But what the future holds will certainly blow your mind 1Gbps or more and that is still an understatement LIGHT FIDELITY it is or popularly known as Li-Fi. The two-major prospect being aimed is extension or enhancement of the wireless services and to support the number of the exponentially growing user which the RF spectrum is unable to provide due to a limited spectrum of radio waves. So, Li-fi that is based on the visible light spectrum is being designed. It uses a LED and a photodiode or phototransistor to transmit and receive data respectively. Li-fi can be compared with the existing wireless technology i.e. Wi-Fi in terms of speed and security which the former provides better. The aspiration of this research paper is cunning a prototype of Li-fi transmitter and receiver to transmit data. The schematic design was made using Proteus 8 professional. Software coding was done on C language and PIC microcontroller is used. Successful transfer of image and text were achieved. As a deduction, this work gives an originative way of scheming a Li-Fi Prototype.

A 1.34-Gb/s Real-Time Li-Fi Transceiver With DFT-Spread-Based PAPR Mitigation

Abstract: This letter presents the design of a Gbit/s real-time light-fidelity transceiver based on field programmable gate array (FPGA). We exploit discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing as a modem scheme, while wavelength division multiplexing technology is employed to enhance the data rate by commercial red-green-blue light emitting diodes. The transceiver achieves a peak rate of 1.34 Gbit/s over 3.5 m of free space below the forward error correction limit of $3.8 \times 10^{-3}$ . This letter also considers the requirement of mapping the proposed FPGA design into very large-scale integration.

Wireless Technologies of Information Transmission Based on the Using of Modulated Optical Radiation (Li-Fi Communication System): State and Prospects

Abstract: Importance of this study is caused by the fact, that development and implementation of Li-Fi communication technology to different areas of modern civilization are promising from the point of view of further development and wider using of digital technologies in everyday life, including such technologies, as a smart home and a city (settlement). The present state in the world of research of Li-Fi communication systems is analyzed. The main directions of the current developments are systematized. In this paper the information on the most promising applications of Li-Fi communication technology in the near future is considered and summarized. The conclusion is made that Li-Fi technologies can become a very promising alternative to traditional information exchange systems, and their applications can be very diverse. Li-Fi communication system in the field of view of the applied light radiation is capable to provide a big bandwidth, as well as a very high data transmitting rate between smartphones, tablets, laptops and other mobile devices. High security of Li-Fi technology in relation to attempts at unauthorized wiretapping is very important. Also, the argument in favor of research, development and implementation of the Li-Fi communication technology is the absence of electromagnetic radiations from the radio range. Intensive exchange by data streams in modern manufacture and necessity to ensure the insensitivity of a transmission channel to noise of a different nature and origin serve as a stimulus for the development of Li-Fi technology also. In addition, using of Li-Fi technology in manufacturing processes and technologies associated with the intensive data exchange, as well as in industrial automation systems, will reduce the weight of equipment and will increase the flexibility of its placement due to the failure from cables. Very promising prospects for Li-Fi technology appear in last years in education in connection with the modern technological movement of the formation of “Smart Classes”. Another important factor in favor of the development and implementation of Li-Fi technology is that for its deployment a license is not required, since the visible light range is a free band of the spectrum. At the same time, obviously, the development of Li-Fi technology faces with certain problems. Among them, an effective solution to the problem of filtration of interferences from external light sources, in particular, such as the sun should be distinguished. The problem of solving of difficulties caused by multiple reflection, which can produce the inter-symbol interference, is the very important as well.

Evolution of Multi-Tier Transmission Towards 5G Li-Fi Networks

Abstract: A design framework is presented in this manuscript for a novel visible light communications (VLC)-based multi-tier waveform. Conventionally, VLC waveforms are designed to target specific services. In services that require high-speed access, multi-carrier modulation techniques, i.e., orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), is considered. For lower-speed access services, single carrier modulation techniques are considered such as phase-shift keying (PSK) or pulse-position modulation (PPM). The proposed design offers a universal-and receiver-independent multi-tier waveform that is expected to serve the requirements of fifth-generation (SG) wireless networks and beyond, including high-speed connectivity, sensing and positioning services. This allows a wide variety of devices to extract a useful portion of the received waveform associated to the targeted service while ensuring inter-service-interference-free operation. In addition, the proposed design aims for cooperative transmission and dimming control to enhance the lighting environment for better user experience. The paper provides a detailed description of the design process and the experimental evaluation. The experimental results indicate that the designed waveform can offer dimming control over 60% of the light-emitting diode (LED) full dynamic range, while maintaining bit-error rate (BER) of $7\times 1{0}^{-5}$ for 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (64-QAM).

Can balloons produce Li-Fi? A disaster management perspective

Abstract: Natural calamities and disasters disrupt the conventional communication setups and the wireless bandwidth becomes constrained. A safe and cost effective solution for communication and data access in such scenarios is long needed. Light-Fidelity (Li-Fi) which promises wireless access of data at high speeds using visible light can be a good option. Visible light being safe to use for wireless access in such affected environments, also provides illumination. Importantly, when a Li-Fi unit is attached to an air balloon and a network of such Li-Fi balloons are coordinated to form a Li-Fi balloon network, data can be accessed anytime and anywhere required and hence many lives can be tracked and saved. We propose this idea of a Li-Fi balloon and give an overview of it's design using the Philips Li-Fi hardware. Further, we propose the concept of a balloon network and coin it with an acronym, the LiBNet. We consider the balloons to be arranged as a homogenous Poisson point process in the LiBNet and we derive the mean co-channel interference for such an arrangement.

A small step in VLC systems – a big step in Li-Fi implementation

Abstract: Light is part of our sustainable environmental life so, using it would be the handiest and cheapest way for wireless communication. Since ever, light has been used to send messages in different ways and now, due to the high technological improvements, bits through light, at high speed on multiple paths, allow humans to communicate. Using the lighting system both for illumination and communication represents lately one of the worldwide main research issues with several implementations with real benefits. This paper presents a viable VLC system, that proves its sustainability for sending by light information not only few millimetres but meters away. This system has multiple potential applications in different areas where other communication systems are bottlenecked, too expensive, unavailable or even forbidden. Since a Li-Fi fully developed system requires bidirectional, multiple access communication, there are still some challenges towards a functional Li-Fi wireless network. Although important steps have been made, Li-Fi is still under experimental stage.

Wireless Teleoperation of an Underwater Robot using Li-Fi

Abstract: Teleoperation of unmanned underwater vehicles is most commonly facilitated through the use of expensive shielded ethernet cables or high-speed fibre optic cables that are also quite fragile. Wireless underwater communication has thus far has been dominated by bulky and expensive acoustic modems. Is it possible to exploit recent advances in visible light communication technology including Li-Fi as a replacement for these technologiesƒ Here we describe a small scale Li-Fi system that can be used to provide short-range tele-operational control of an underwater vehicle. Such control can either be provided from a diver operating in close proximity of the robot or via a communications relay from surface-based support.

Performance Evaluation of Wi-Fi Bluetooth Low Energy & Li-Fi Technology in Indoor Positioning

Abstract: In the period of wireless communication, Indoor positioning systems (IPSs) are getting enormous attention. These systems are construct to attain location information of individuals and objects inside a building. Now a day all the applicable wireless technologies used in this context are Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) based. These advancements are additionally decided for their ease of use, low cost and integration into wireless devices. However, these techniques are having some positioning errors along with specified region. Here, we introduce another wireless technology named Light Fidelity (Li-Fi), the basic convention of this technology is the transfer of information using light illumination by light emitting diodes. This article primarily established a set of evaluation indexes for the performance of these three Wi-Fi, BLE and Li-Fi technologies in indoor positioning scenarios. We compare the predefined IPSs in term of performance and limitations. After then outline the tradeoffs among these systems from the perspective of all evaluation entities. We show experimentally that Li-Fi technology achieves a high efficiency but for accuracy, Wi-Fi is still better than Li-Fi and BLE technology.

Model And Method Of Li-Fi Network Calculation With Multipath Light Signals

Abstract: Nowadays Wi-Fi technology is widely deployed in Ukraine and all over the world as well, especially for internal access networks, but its usage has some disadvantages regarding speed, confidentiality and interference between channels. Therefore, it is considered to use the Li-Fi network as a flexible approach that would meet the increasingly important requirements of internal wireless broadband access networks The considered technology is innovative, at the moment it reveals all its potentials in achieving not only high data rates and electromagnetic compatibility, but it also provides high economic performance through by using the already existing lighting infrastructure based on LED lamps.The paper focuses at the principle of construction and functioning of the corporate Li-Fi network, also the model of the interaction of its elements is proposed. The basic parameters of interaction between mobile devices were calculated. An example of calculating the energy loss in the light paths of the Li-Fi network is given. The ratio of direct and diffuse light signal was also estimated.Research results can be used to build a fundamentally new type of data transmission networks in many areas, especially those that are sensitive to radio waves, such as airplanes or surgical rooms. The results can also be implemented in firms to simplify the process of designing an optical network, calculating its parameters and assessing the load on such a network, taking into account the provision of modern services to subscribers.The proposed Li-Fi network is offered for deployment for internal wireless networks: meeting rooms, general offices, shopping centers, airports, railways, hospitals, museums, aircraft cabins, libraries, and so on.

Performance and Environmental Impacts Review of Li-Fi and Wi-Fi Technologies

Abstract: Nowadays, internet connectivity is one of the staple things in human lifestyle, especially for those who live in cities. There are a lot of ways to connect to the internet, and one of them is using Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) connection. Wi-Fi connection is seen as the most reliable connection, until Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) technology is coined in 2011. Li-Fi uses visible light as data transfer medium instead of radio frequency (RF) signal used by Wi-Fi. Theoretically, Li-Fi is able to reach hundred times of Wi-Fi connection speed due to their use of light as data transfer medium. Li-Fi is also expected as a solution to environmental problems caused by Wi-Fi. The RF signal used by Wi-Fi can cause some environmental problems such as growth inhibition and diseases to organisms including humans. The visible light used by Li-Fi is expected to cause minimal effects to the environment, as Li-Fi uses common LED light bulbs which are used as home lighting apparatus. Li-Fi is commonly seen as a ‘greener’ technology compared to Wi-Fi. In this review, the performance and environmental impacts of both Wi-Fi and Li-Fi are analysed to determine whether Li-Fi is really capable to be a ‘greener’ replacement to Wi-Fi technology

Review on Li-Fi: an advancement in wireless network communication with the application of solar power

Abstract: Light Fidelity, commonly referred to as Li-Fi is a technology that was introduced by a German physicist called Herald Hass. This technology in its own uniqueness considers the use of light (Light Emitting Diode, LED to be specific) as its medium of delivering high speed communication that complies with standard IEEE 802.15.7 bidirectional communication standard. This optical means of communications is also known as visible light communication. It is safer when compared with Wi-Fi network. This paper will focus on Li-Fi applications, comparison with existing technologies like Wi-Fi and the inclusion of an alternative source of power i.e., solar power, as a means of effectively optimizing on the availability and accessibility of the benefits in places where erratic or total power outage is a common trend.

Optical data transmission using portable USB Li-Fi module (dongle)

Abstract: Wireless communication has become an indispensable part of our lives Currently, RF spectrum is the most popular means available and hence is crowded with devices such as microwave ovens, video devices, radar systems, radio navigation and many more Due to which the RF spectrum is on the verge of exhaustion Clearly, we need to look out for alternatives to transmit the data wirelessly The most promising alternative seems to be Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) [5] Li-Fi, an example of OWC (optical wireless communication) can transmit data at a very high rate, moreover it can overcome certain challenges faced by Wi-Fi It uses the visible light spectrum which is 10,000 times larger than the entire radio frequency spectrum [1] Li-Fi can transmit data underwater, in aircraft (ensuring smooth working of its surroundings) and petrochemical industries (where using RF spectrum can prove to be lethal) Also, the light waves are not able to penetrate through walls, thus making it most secured form of wireless communication [1] We have made a portable prototype of device that can establish a wireless communication between two or more personal computers using visible light spectrum The portable device is compact and can ensure secured data transmission between devices within a room

Li-Fi Based Smart Traffic Network

Abstract: Cities are struggling to cope with problems caused by the increased demand of roadway. In a future where autonomous cars replace our current human based traffic system, the smart traffic system is designed to allow communication between automobiles and their traffic environment. This is usually called V2X technology. Using Li-Fi, a visible light communications system, autonomous cars will be able to communicate with each other and with the traffic network to eradicate any human error that might occur while driving today. That said, this Li-Fi based system is complimentary to existing autonomous systems that cars use such as radar, LIDAR or cameras. Using light pulses at a specific frequency, an FPGA will be used to send a unique signal for every traffic light, sign and car.

Modelling and Simulation of Handover in Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) Network

Abstract: The demand of a faster and more secure wireless communication system leads to the development of a new and innovated network in future. Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) is being researched to provide a better wireless network communication. In this communication technology, light from Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) has been used for data transmission. The purpose of this research work is to investigate the performance of handover algorithms in a Li-Fi network. Two handover algorithms are Closest Access Point (AP) (CAP) and Maximum Channel Gain (MCG). MATLAB simulation results are presented to evaluate those two types of handover algorithms and to show the impacts of UE’s rotation and movement on handover performance.

OnLight Information Broadcasting in Exhibitions Using Li-Fi

Abstract: Visible light communication has come a long way from its use in traffic signals, marine signals and photo phone since Herald Haas demonstrated concept of technology which can communicate as well as illuminate, referred to as Li-Fi or Light Fidelity. Li-Fi emerged as a solution to the growing congestion problem on existing radio spectrum used by Wi-Fi. It offers inherent advantages like security, nonhazardous, availability, bandwidth, efficiency, and SPEED. Li-Fi has come a long way offering numerous applications in varied areas like intelligent transport system, underwater communication, traffic management, disaster management, smart lights, and data transmission in petrochemical industries, hospitals, and aircrafts. This paper presents an application of Li-Fi technology with augmented reality providing OnLight data communication to facilitate the information broadcasting of the exhibits in an exhibition to the mobile phone of the visitor. The proposed model consists of LED lights installed besides the exhibit and a photoreceptor installed at the mobile phone. As soon as the visitor aligns its mobile phone to the exhibit, all the supplementary information about it in the form of text, images, or videos gets downloaded into it. The proposed model offers faster transmission of data with no interference between devices and with other devices using radio waves. The transmission can be accessed anywhere with no dead zones which exists in its counterpart Wi-Fi. Above all it also provides energy friendly illumination because the LEDs would also provide illumination. The model can be used to identify the most and least accessed exhibition areas and items which would help in administrative decision.

A Novel Approach to Using Energy-Efficient LED-Based Visible Light Communication in Hospitals

Abstract: Promising developments in the light-emitting diode (LED) technology have urged the interest to adapt LEDs for both illumination and data transmission. LED is expected to be the main lighting source in the future due to its energy-efficient characteristics as compared to the conventional incandescent and fluorescent lighting. Visible light communication (VLC) provides flexibility and convenience for patients and avoids the risk of disturbance from electromagnetic waves. VLC has no associated health concerns, and it is suitable for use in hospitals and also provides high data rates. This paper proposes a novel approach in the transmission of healthcare information using the up-and-coming wireless visible light communication technology.

Analysis of Optical Wireless Communication Systems

Abstract: Abstract Optical wireless communication is one of the emerging technologies. Over the last few years it has been the growing interests which have some indoor and outdoor applications. The demand for wireless communication has been growing day-by-day. With radio spectrum, there are some problems related to congestion, limitations on bandwidth as the number of users are increasing day-by-day. As a result, optical wireless communication systems are been used which provides high data rates, much higher bandwidth, unregulated spectrum and highly secured networks. In this paper a review is done on optical wireless communication. Various fields and applications are discussed like under water, space, aircrafts, light fidelity (Li-Fi), etc. Different light sources, coding schemes, modulation techniques are discussed. Also some of the challenges are discussed here.

Wi-Fi and Li-Fi heterogeneous network load balancing method based on user location information

Abstract: In the invention, the geographical distribution of UT (User Terminal) communication demands is detected based on the geographical location information obtained by using a visible light indoor positioning technology, and the clustered UT communication demands are distributed to a Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) network and a Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) network to balance the loads of the APs (Access Point) indifferent networks, so as to improve the system throughput and bandwidth utilization rate of Wi-Fi and Li-Fi heterogeneous networks and satisfy the communication demands of more UTs. In particular, when the UT communication demands are obviously clustered in the geographical scope, the load balancing method presented by the invention can deal with the geographical clustering characteristic in a targeted manner, improve the system throughput at low implementation complexity and obtain a satisfactory user proportion.

Efficient Amplitude Modulator and Ripple Canceller for Visible Light Communication

Abstract: Power loss is an important design factor for Visible Light Communication (VLC). Dissipating only a few percent of the illumination power can still result into a few watts of heat generation which requires additional provisions for cooling the modulator circuit. We show that a transistor in series with LED can be used in linear operation to apply amplitude modulation which only marginally sacrifices efficiency. Yet, this requires a novel active control loop. We report its performance and frequency response for VLC modulation. We show that the modulator also effectively cancels mains ripple. Based on our experimental experience, we also propose a model to quantify the power losses and verify these for pulse amplitude modulation.

Light fidelity: a way of data transmission

Abstract: Li-Fi is a very efficient, simple and cheaper network that can be used for wireless data transmission. It is considered to be better than the trending technology, i.e. Wi-Fi, in terms of cost and efficiency of usage. Li-Fi complies with the IEEE standard 802.15.7. The paper focuses on explaining the concept and meaning of Li-Fi technology. In this paper we have explained the different components necessary for constructing a Li-Fi system. Its features, different applications and future uses are also discussed in brief. The use and importance of LED light in the working of Li-Fi is also described. The VLC technology (for increasing the transmission speed) used in Li-Fi has been explained briefly.

Li + Wi Fi: The Future of Internet of Things

Abstract: Internet of Things abbreviated as IoT is been a global network where objects are linked together in such a way that they can share data among themselves so that they connect immediately. Similarly Ubiquitous computing is the rising trend of implanting computational ability into everyday objects to make them efficiently communicate to accomplish useful tasks. The evolution of these technologies leads to exponential growth of smart sensors and devices which require faster, secure, energy efficient data transmission. Light fidelity otherwise called as Li Fi is the high speed wireless communication technology that applies light as medium through light emitting diodes and is a greener, secure and safer technology for ubiquitous communication in IoT. In this paper firstly, we will understand the working of Li Fi. Secondly, we will see the role of Li-Fi in IoT and finally discuss how Li + Wi Fi is a true enabler of IoT.

Architectural Building Protocols for Li-Fi (Light Fidelity)

Abstract: Light fidelity commonly known as Li-Fi is the technology emerged from visible light communication (VLC) that allows to transmit data through illumination, i.e., through light emitting diode (LED). Li-Fi varies in intensity faster than human eye to be followed, and therefore, Li-Fi is known for high data speed. With the increase in the number of wireless gadgets such as smartphones, tabs, smart wrist watches, etc., Li-Fi will surely be an incredible companion of Wi-Fi and an interesting subject for research. Therefore, in this chapter, we cover the evolution of Li-Fi, its architecture, requirement of Li-Fi, and its challenges. We also discuss the integration of Li-Fi protocols with existing protocols for integrated communication and conclude the chapter with the future scope of Li-Fi in the Internet.