Showing papers on "Metropolitan area published in 1989"

Suburban downtowns and the transformation of metropolitan atlanta's business landscape

Abstract: The suburbanization of economic activity reached massive proportions in recent years and contributed significantly to the spatial restructuring of the American metropolis. One of the most important geographic expressions in the emergence of the outer suburban city is the clustering of high-order activities in new metropolitan-level urban centers. These complexes are here defined as suburban downtowns, and their rapid evolution since the 1960s is traced through a number of developmental stages. Two of metropolitan Atlanta's suburban downtowns, which -ank among the largest in the United States, are highlighted in case studies in order to demonstrate the still-evolving dynamics that shape the functioning and internal structuring of these first-order activity complexes.

Congestion, Changing Metropolitan Structure, and City Size in the United States

Abstract: Using the Nationwide Personal Transportation Study surveys of 1977 and 1983-84, this article demonstrates that there is no discernible relationship between city size class and trip lengths, times, and speeds, and that commuting speeds did not decline between 1977 and 1983. The most convincing explanation of why congestion did not become more severe is the continued spatial decentralization of both firms and households, which permitted travel economies, especially for suburban residents in larger cities. The continued competitiveness of the large metropolitan areas is mainly attributable to this adjustment process.

Immigration and urban change.

Abstract: The immigrants to the United States since 1965 are overwhelmingly an urban population; they have converged on a small number of large metropolitan areas. This article describes the characteristics of the new immigration and its geography. It then focusses on the key immigrant-receiving metropolitan areas and discusses the relationship between the restructuring of their economies and land markets and the employment and settlement patterns of the new immigrants.

Governmental Fragmentation versus Consolidation: Five Public-Choice Myths about How to Create Informed, Involved, and Happy Citizens

Abstract: This article concernsfive of the key individual level propositions found in the public-choice model as it has been applied to the governing of metropolitan areas. The findings of this study are based on surveys of respondents living in five matched pairs of spatially defined areas or communities located in two metropolitan areas, one of which is characterized by high levels of governmental fragmentation while the other operates under a consolidated form of government. Contrary to expectations based on the public-choice model, citizens living in smaller local jurisdictions located in the more fragmented system were not better informed about the scope and nature of their local tax-service package; they were not more efficacious about their relationships with their local government; they were not more likely to participate in local affairs; and they were not more satisfied with their local services and the performance of their local governments than their counterparts living in the consolidated setting. Nor did the evidence support the public-choice contention that satisfaction with local services is more widely dispersed across

Metropolitan Organization and Governance: A Local Public Economy Approach

Abstract: New conceptualizations are needed to encompass cumulating research findings that complex, multijurisdictional, multilevel organization is a productive arrangement for metropolitan areas. A local public economy approach recognizes (I) the distinction between provision and production, and the different considerations that bear on each; (2) the distinction between governance and government, and the multiple levels of governance; (3) the difference between metropolitan fragmentation and complex metropolitan organization, and the prevalence of the complex organization over fragmentation; and (4) the necessity for citizen choice and public entrepreneurship in crafting productive organizational and governance arrangements. It may contribute to a rethinking with respect to governance structures adapted to the diversity characteristic of American metropolitan areas.

Regional and metropolitan growth and decline in the United States

Abstract: This volume is 1 of a series aimed at converting the vast statistical yield of the 1980 US census into authoritative analyses of major trends and changes in American life. This volumes main objective is to interpret the redistribution patterns of the 1970s and early 1980s in light of the changing social and economic contexts for redistribution that emerged during this period taking cognizance of the major explanations and theories that have been offered to account for these new patterns. Part 1 comprising chapters 3-6 pertains to redistribution across regions and metropolitan areas. This portion of the monograph provides an overview of the new regional and metropolitan area redistribution patterns by evaluating the pervasiveness of the post-1970 redistribution reversals as well as shifts in the demographic components of change that underlie them. It examines the impact of 1970-1980 growth and decline on population and household subgroups in various areas and undertakes a separate examination of redistribution patterns determinants and consequences for the black population. Part 2 of this monograph comprising chapters 7-11 evaluates post-1970 shifts in central city-suburban redistribution within the nations 39 largest metropolitan areas. It also documents aggregate population changes for central cities and suburbs along with their underlying demographic components. It devotes the most attention to shifts in the racial and socioeconomic selectivities that have become associated with post-1970 suburbanization and their impacts on the central city. It provides careful evaluation of selective post-1970 city-suburb redistribution tendencies with the aid of rich area-based summary data from the 1970 and 1980 decennial censuses. It evaluates the extent to which the 1970s shifts in racial segregation the decline of full-family households and the rise of the so-called service city have effected beneficial demographic changes in large central cities. The final chapter ties together this studys major results and underlying perspectives. It reviews the most important influences on redistribution in the post-1970 period and speculates about future redistribution tendencies that could emerge.

Macrostructure and Microbehavior in a Metropolitan Area

Abstract: Negative externalities generated by the rational actions of individual decisionmakers sometimes have large-scale repercussions on urban structure that backfire on all concerned. Such a situation, involving the externalities of intensive development in low-density areas, was recently addressed by the Los Angeles Planning Department. In an attempt to explore the complex logic of that phenomenon and draw out any relevant policy implications, a dynamic model of the interaction between urban structure and individual behavior is outlined in this paper. This consists of a submodel simulating the spatial distribution of densities and development payoffs in an urban area, and a second one modelling the choice developers have either to cooperate or not to cooperate with an official urban plan. Although the model could in principle be implemented, it may be more valuable in a planning context as a conceptual framework for helping planners think through the intricacies of this very complex situation.

Information Flows among Major Metropolitan Areas in the United States

Abstract: This study uses Federal Express Corporation data to examine information flows among 48 large metropolitan areas in the United States. Set within the context of emerging quaternary location theory, three hypotheses are introduced to explain the bases for information flows among metropolitan areas: information genesis, hierarchy of control, and spatial independence. Essential support is found for all three hypotheses. Supply considerations, rather than demand, are fundamental in information genesis; flows are strongly asymmetrical, reflecting a marked hierarchy of control; and distance plays a minor role in the spatial configuration of flows, especially at the highest level of the metropolitan hierarchy. New York, in particular, dominates the national structure of information flows, and only ten metropolitan areas act as command and control centers, creating a highly asymmetric flow in which these ten centers originate a high proportion of total flows. Principal components analysis identified five ...

Agglomeration of Services in American Metropolitan Areas

Abstract: The growth of many service industries among American metropolitan areas stem from an eclectic set of forces. These include market penetration effects of increasing importance of services throughout the economy, agglomeration effects in immature and deregulated industries, and institutional and infrastructure constraints. These diverse forces are interpreted as urbanization and localization economies. A cycle of centralization of 27 fast growing service industries is documented for MS As in the period 1977-84. The two agglomeration effects are tested directly, using a power function model that relates employment and establishment growth to MSA size and initial level of employment in a local industry. Localization economies rather than the general advantages of metropolitan size best explain the growth patterns. This result implies that service industrial complexes are rapidly emerging in American metropolitan areas.

Metropolitan Counties as Service Delivery Agents: The Still Forgotten Governments

Abstract: In the last two decades, as population has continued to shift out of central cities and into suburbs, and as suburbia itself has sprawled into the vast stretches of unincorporated land in metropolitan areas, county governments have become increasingly important as service delivery agents.1 County governments play a direct role in delivering services to the population of unincorporated areas, and they have increased their role in the delivery of urban services to incorporated communities through contracts and other joint service arrangements.2

Metropolitan fiscal structure and migration.

Abstract: This abstract examines the degree to which individuals vote with their feet when considering metropolitan fiscal structure. Local (and state) fiscal policies are considered in detail by investigating migration impacts of expenditures and revenues as well as by examining effects of distribution of expenditures by type and revenues by source. These impacts are considered across 3 dimensions of the migration decision: the decision of a metropolitan resident to move (relocate) the decision to depart the metropolitan area and the decision to enter such an area. Empirical results indicate that fiscal structure plays an important role within these decisions and particularly that to depart the metropolitan area. (authors)

Four Perspectives on Urban Hardship

Abstract: The decennial census allows us to take a closer look at the social and economic conditions of the country than we can get at any other time. In this article we focus on fifty-five large cities to study developments in urban hardship conditions in the 1970s primarily using decennial census data. Our analysis indicates that in the 1970s these fifty-five cities lost ground relative to their suburbs; that the most distressed cities lost ground relative to other cities; and that the problem of concentrated poverty increased and is correlated with the worsening problems of the most distressed large cities. Unfortunately, decennial census data are slow to emerge and take time to assess. These problems with studying urban conditions are compounded by a lack of data for the intervening years between the decennial censuses. We have done our best in this article to update the analysis of urban conditions and present more recent data that suggest the hardship conditions of large cities persist into the 1980s and in fact are getting worse. The primary purpose of this article is to combine four perspectives on urban conditions, each portraying a different spatial view. The first perspective can be likened to an aerial photograph where we look at how central cities relate to their surrounding metropolitan areas. For this purpose, we have updated the composite index used in our earlier work that contrasts social and economic conditions in cities with their outlying suburbs. I The second perspective focuses on central cities

A Spatial and Temporal Model of Foreign Direct Investment in the United States

Abstract: This study analyzes the spatial distribution of foreign direct investment among metropolitan areas in the United States for the periods 1974–1978 and 1979–1983. A model is developed to test the importance of population size, population growth rate, and per capita retail sales in determining levels of foreign investment. Casetti's expansion method is used to test whether or not the regression parameters of the explanatory variables are spatially and temporally unstable. The results indicate that the model varies both spatially and over time. Heavily concentrated in northeastern metropolitan areas in 1974–1978, especially New York, foreign direct investment dispersed widely to the south and west in 1979–1983. In keeping with the general transformation of the U.S. metropolitan economy, foreign direct investment shifted noticeably from the manufacturing sector to the service sector during the study period.

Metropolitan Agriculture: Farming in the City's Shadow

Abstract: Metropolitan areas officially defined by the U.S. Census Bureau now encompass 16 percent of land area in the United States, including 29 percent of all farms and almost 20 percent of harvested cropland. Agriculture has adapted to the urbanizing environment through the working of smaller farms, more intensive production, a focus on high-value crops and livestock, and greater off-farm employment. Such adaptations are further advanced in older metro counties than in newer ones. This article shows how the more dispersed settlement pattern in newer metropolitan areas, emerging environmental and lifestyle trends, and recent developments in agricultural policy and the agricultural economy favor the survival of metro farming.

Housing Price Indexes from the 1974–1983 SIMSA Annual Housing Surveys

Abstract: This paper reports residential real estate price indexes computed from the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) Annual Housing Survey (AHS) for the 1974 through 1983 period. During this ten-year period, the U.S. Bureau of the Census conducted detailed surveys of the housing stock in sixty metropolitan areas in a three to four year cycle. This information is used to compute tenure specific hedonic housing price indexes for: (1) the entire metropolitan housing market; (2) separately for properties located in the central city and in the suburbs (whenever central city locations are identified); and (3) for three points in the dwelling quality distribution-for substandard housing (using the definition employed by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development), for new housing (housing less than three years old and not substandard), and for existing standard quality housing (everything else). In addition, the hedonic prices reported here are adjusted for the finite sample bias introduced when taking the exponential of a lognormally distributed random variable.

Secondary Effects on Midwestern Agriculture of Metropolitan Development and Decreases in Farmland

Abstract: The expansion of metropolitan areas into the countryside, a trend that became particularly pronounced after World War II, has caused considerable concern because of its potentially deleterious effects on farming (Raup 1975; Plaut 1980). These effects can be of two kinds. First, metropolitan expansion involves the direct conversion of farmland to provide the land needed for housing, commercial development, and transportation. To slow this loss, many states and counties have instituted "farm-

Defining "Rural" Areas: Impact on Health Care Policy and Research. Staff Paper.

Abstract: with metropolitan areas, such as hospitals with comprehensive services, a 4-year college, a local bus service, a TV station, or a Sunday paper (6). A few counties that have not qualified for MSA status on the basis of demographic characteristics have become designated as MSAs through the Federal legislative process. Specif ical ly, s ince 1983, one new MSA (Decatur, Alabama) has been created (comprising two counties) and the boundaries of two existing MSAs have been enlarged by statute (62).13 The proponents of the bill to create the Decatur, Alabama MSA argued that “MSA status would encourage a measure of economic recovery to this area... without any additional financial burden on the Federal Government” (45). Hospitals located in the newly designated MSA of Decatur, Alabama are expected to receive an additional $3 million per year in Medicare reimbursements beIZ Publ ic Lau 1 0 0 2 5 8 . 13 Publ ic Law 100-202, Sec. 530 and PWlic Law 99-500. Defining “Rural” Areas: Impact on Health Care Policy and Research Ž 11 cause of this change from nonmetropolitan (rural) to metropolitan status. The increase in Medicare outlays for these two counties would in aggregate decrease reimbursement to other hospitals because the total amount of funding for the Medicare program was not changed by this act (44). The MSA definition is designed strictly for statistical applications and not as a general-purpose geographic framework. In fact, according to official standards, “no Federal department or agency should adopt these statistical definitions for a nonstatistical program unless the agency head has determined that this is an appropriate use of the classification” (56). The OMB does not take into account or attempt to anticipate any nonstatistical uses that may be made of the MSA definitions and will not modify the definitions to meet the requirements of any nonstatistical program (62). Nonetheless, Federal agencies often use MSA designations to implement their programs. Table 6 contains a partial list of Federal programs that use MSAs for the administration of programs or the distribution of funds. Table 6--Selected Federal Department/Agencies Using MSA Designations for the Administration of Programs or the Distribution of Funds Department of Agr icul ture Farmers Home Administration Rural Housing Assistance Department of Educat ion Higher Educat ion Assistance Federal Impact Payments for Educat ion Sumner Food Service Program Department of Health and Human Services Federal Grants for Residency Train ing Aid to Organ Procurement Organizat ions Medicare Prospective Payment System Juveni le Del inquency Treatment Grants Provis ion of Services to Medicare Benef ic iar ies by Heal th Maintenance Organizat ions (HMOs) Department of Housing and Urban Development Enterpr ise Zones Public Housing Development Community D e v e l o p m e n t B l o c k G r a n t P r o g r a m Urban Development Action Grants Assisted Housing Fair Market Rents Rental Rehabilitation Awards D e p a r t m e n t o f t h e I n t e r i o r Recreat ion Areas Wastewater Treatment Works Grants Department of Labor Job Train ing Partnership Act %ost U S A a p p l i c a t i o n s l i s t e d Mere i d e n t i f i e d b y searching the U.S. Code and the Code of Federal R e g u l a t i o n s (CFR) for the term 1’MSA. IC T h i s l i s t is not caqwehensive. SOURCE: Bea, K. , llMetrwlitan S t a t i s t i c a l A r e a Standards: A p p l i c a t i o n s i n F e d e r a l P o l i c y , w ( C R S D r a f t ) , 1 9 8 9 ; U . S . D e p a r t ment of Commerce, OFSPS, “Report on the Inpct o f S t a n d a r d M e t r o p o l i t a n S t a t i s t i ca l Areas on Federa l Programs,ll 1978. 4. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN URBAN/RURAL AND METROPOLITAN/NONMETROPOLITAN DESIGNATIONS Conceptually, the urban/rural and metro/ nonmetropolitan designations are quite different. Urban/rural are geographic designations based on population size and residential population densities, while the MSA concept embodies both a physical element (a city and its built-up suburbs) and a functional dimension (a more-or-less unified local labor market) (21 ). The Census-defined urban population and the MSA population intersect but are by no means identical; they are even less congruent geographically. Common to both are residents of most urbanized areas, the densely set t led area that forms the nucleus of the MSA (see figure 3). 1 T h e Census’ urban population includes the urbanized area population and those living outside urbanized areas in places with 2,500 or more residents. The MSA population generally includes all those living in the county or counties that contain the urbanized area and the residents of additional counties that are economically integrated with that metropolitan core. Forty percent of the 1980 rural population lived in MSAs, and 14 percent of the MSA population lived in rural areas (see table 7). About one-fourth of farm residents live in MSAs (55). “Rural area,” “nonurbanized area, ” and “nonmetropolitan area” have all been used to display vital and health statistics or to implement Federal policies in health and other areas. These “rural” definitions can be analyzed in terms of how well they include “rural areas” and how well they exclude “urban areas.” The Census-defined “rural area” is the most specific measure, since it excludes urbanized areas and places with 2,500 residents or more. Thus, few would argue that an area designated as rural according to the Census definition is really urban. However, some might argue that the Census definition would 1 There are a few urbanized areas outside of MSAs. z A sma[ 1 n u m b e r o f r u r a l r e s i d e n t s o f e x t e n d e d c i t i es are exc [ uded f rom the urban and urbanized area populat ion. incorrectly classify as urban small towns which are located far from a large population center. In contrast, the “nonurbanized area” definition includes as rural all territory outside of its densely populated area, regardless of population size. Thus, while all “rural areas” would be included, some cities and towns of as large as 40,000 residents would also be included, as well as some outer suburbs of large urban areas. Figure 3--The Relationship Between Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs), Urbanized Areas, and Urban and Rural Areas

Local Government Constitutions: A Different View of Metropolitan Governance

Abstract: Metropolitan governance in most metropolitan areas of the United States can best be understood by reference to the concept of a "local government constitution." A local government constitution is f...

Homeless Women with Minor Children in the Detroit Metropolitan Area

Abstract: Eighty-seven homeless families served by the emergency shelter of the Coalition on Temporary Shelter in Detroit during the first quarter of 1987 were studies through a review of admission data. Most of the families were black and contained an adult female with one or two minor children. Most of the mothers were young, did not have a high school diploma, and had no income. Some had histories of psychiatric disorders or substance abuse. Many had been in a dependent living situation before becoming homeless. Children accounted for more than one-fourth of admissions during the study period. Policies should address prevention of homelessness through income support programs, provision of low-income housing, basic living skill training programs, and mental health service delivery. When available resources fail in prevention, programming should address the effects of homelessness on children, because these effects perpetuate a cycle that will increase the homeless population in future generations.

Specialty choice in occupational therapy.

Abstract: The shortage of occupational therapists specializing in mental health led to a survey of graduates from nine occupational therapy schools in the New York metropolitan area to determine the factors affecting their specialty choice. The variables examined were derived from a literature review of the specialty choice of psychiatry among medical students. They included personality, academic, clinical, and employment attributes. The results from 411 respondents supported the assumption that fewer occupational therapists were working in mental health than in pediatrics or physical disabilities. The primary factors affecting specialty choice were the fieldwork experience, the feelings of effectiveness in the specialty area, and the perception of employment availability. Recommendations based on a literature review and survey are included.

FINANCING COMMUNITY: Methods for Assessing Residential Credit Disparities, Market Barriers, and Institutional Reinvestment Performance in the Metropolis

Abstract: Many urban areas in the 1980s have witnessed the revitalization of a community reinvestment movement, one directed at encouraging private financial institutions to make loans in low and moderate income communities and particularly in minority communities Research has played a strong role in promoting reinvestment efforts by documenting metropolitan housing finance patterns Accompanying the growth of community reinvestment activity will be expanded research opportunities to investigate how credit patterns underlie metropolitan development trends and to help promote more responsibile community reinvestment activity To aid the continuation of research efforts, this paper addresses a series of methods used to assess housing credit disparities and market barriers to finance It discusses data availability and the strengths and limitations of these data, methods for measuring credit disparities, techniques for assessing racial bias and market barriers in lending patterns, and methods for assessing the community reinvestment performance of individual financial institutions The final part addresses a more comprehensive research agenda that focuses on investigating the housing market institutional sources of residential investment disparities, particularly by race Knowledge of metropolitan credit patterns and market barriers to credit can be enriched by studies of the housing market processes that lead to uneven credit flows and, thus, to metropolitan-wide inequality

Metropolitan concentration in developing countries.

Abstract: We examine the economic political and cultural determinants of urban concentration in developing countries using a sample of 53 countries. We find that as countries develop urban concentration measured as the largest citys share of the population at first increases and then decreases. We also find that foreign investment influences concentration in a similar way since foreign investors tend to locate in the main city at low levels of development but are willing to locate outside the center in more developed countries. Political and cultural factors such as lack of democracy government instability and religiously and [ethnically] homogeneous populations all contribute to high levels of urban concentration. For many developing countries these non-economic factors have led to primate cities whose size far exceeds what would be justified by economic considerations. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND GER) (EXCERPT)

The changing economic impacts of the port of New York

Abstract: This paper investigates the economic effects of maritime trade through the Port of New York on the New York metropolitan region. It decomposes the impacts associated with the trans-shipment of waterborne exports and imports in 1977 and 1987 into those arising from the changing tonnage of trade and those attributable to the changing commodity mix. Input-output analysis is used to calculate the numbers of jobs, personal and business incomes, and output which arise from each effect. Finally, it examines the impacts on specfic industries and occupations in the region.

City Limits on Racial Equality: The Effects of City-Suburb Boundaries on Public-School Desegregation, 1968-1976.

Abstract: This research examines the determinants of public-school segregation in 65 metropolitan areas in 1968 and segregation changes between 1968 and 1976. Models for central-city and suburban public schools permit estimation of the segregative effects that one system exerts on an adjacent system. In 1968, higher black proportions in cities enhanced segregation in suburbs, and higher proportions in suburbs promoted segregation in cities. Although city and suburban school segregation declined during the 1970s, segregation between cities and suburbs increased. Higher black proportions in cities put segregative pressure on their suburbs. The historic link between residential and public-school segregation was broken in southern but not in northern cities nor the suburbs of either region. Private-school utilization by whites had segregative effects on southern city systems, but not elsewhere. The boundaries between city and suburban school systems appear to foster racial inequalities within those systems as class theories predict.

Producer-Service Firms in a Declining Manufacturing Region

Abstract: An overview is provided of producer-service activity (intermediate services, sold primarily to businesses) in metropolitan Buffalo (NY) from 1970 to 1986. This period brought drastic structural cha...

Asian megacity characteristics, problems, and policies.

Abstract: "Using ten Asian megacities as examples, this article discusses a range of megacity characteristics and problems, including population growth, economic structure, spatial strategies, land policy, urban service provision, institutional development, and managerial problems. In spite of major progress in urban service delivery, ineffective land policies and inadequate cost-recovery systems remain serious obstacles. Megacities need and are promoting policentric spatial structures, but implementation lags in many cases. Institutional reforms are needed to cope with the metropolitan region character of megacity growth."