Showing papers on "Modernization theory published in 2005"

Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence

Abstract: This book demonstrates that people's basic values and beliefs are changing, in ways that affect their political, sexual, economic, and religious behaviour. These changes are roughly predictable: to a large extent, they can be interpreted on the basis of a revised version of modernisation theory presented here. Drawing on a massive body of evidence from societies containing 85 percent of the world's population, the authors demonstrate that modernisation is a process of human development, in which economic development gives rise to cultural changes that make individual autonomy, gender equality, and democracy increasingly likely. The authors present a model of social change that predicts how the value systems play a crucial role in the emergence and flourishing of democratic institutions - and that modernisation brings coherent cultural changes that are conducive to democratisation.

Anthropology and Development: Understanding Contemporary Social Change

Abstract: * 1. Introduction: The three approaches in the anthropology of development * The discourse of development * Populism, anthropology and development * Entangled social logic approaches * Conclusion: the future of the entangled social logics approach and its work in progress (research in Africa and beyond) * 2. Socio-anthropology of Development: some preliminary statements * Development * Socio-anthropology of development * Comparativism * Action * Populism * A collective problematic * Social change and development: in Africa or in general? * 3. Anthropology, Sociology, Africa and Development: a brief historical overview * French colonial ethnology * Reactions: dynamic and/or Marxist anthropology * From a sociological viewpoint: sociology of modernization and sociology of development * Systems analysis * The current situation: multi-rationalities * 4. A renewal of anthropology ? * To the rescue of social science? * The 'properties' of 'development facts' * Two 'heuristic points of view' * Anthropology of social change and development and the fields of anthropology * 5. Stereotypes, ideologies and conceptions * A meta-ideology of development * Infra-ideologies: conceptions * Five stereotypes * The relative truth of stereotypes: the example of culture * The propensity for stereotypes: the example of needs * 6. Is an anthropology of innovation possible ? * A panorama in four points of view * Is an innovation's problematic possible in anthropology ? * 7. Developmentist populism and social science populism : ideology, action, knowledge * Intellectuals and their ambiguous populism * The poor according to Chambers * The developmentist populist complex * Moral populism * Cognitive populism and methodological populism * Ideological populism * Populism and miserabilism * Where action becomes compromise ... and where knowledge can become opposition... * ... yet methodology should combine! * 8. Relations of production and modes of economic action * Songhay-zarma societies under colonization: peasant mode of production and relations of production * Subsistence logic during the colonial period * Relations of production and contemporary transformations * Conclusion * 9. Development projects and social logic * The context of interaction * Levels of project coherence * Peasant reactions * Two principles * Three logics, among many others * Strategic logics and notional logics * 10. Popular knowledge and scientific and technical knowledge * Popular technical knowledge * A few properties of popular technical knowledge * Popular technical knowledge and technical-scientific knowledge * Fields of popular knowledge and infrastructure * 11. Mediations and brokerage * Development agents * A parenthesis on corruption * Development agents as mediators between types of knowledge * Brokers * The development language * 12. Arenas and strategic games * Local development as a political arena * Conflict, arena, strategic groups * The ECRIS canvass * 13. Conclusion : The dialogue between social scientists and developers * Logic of knowledge and logic of action * Action Research? * Training development agents * Adapting to side-tracking * On enquiry * Bibliography * Index

Theories and Practices of Development

Abstract: 1. Introduction: What Do We Mean by Development? 2. Modernization, Keynesianism and Neoliberalism 3. Structuralism, Neo-Marxism and Socialism 4. Grassroots Development 5. Social and Cultural Dimensions of Development 6. Environment and Development Theory 7. Globalization and Development: Problems and Solutions? 8. Conclusion

Virtual Politics: Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World

Abstract: States like Russia and Ukraine may not have gone back to totalitarianism or the traditional authoritarian formula of stuffing the ballot box, cowing the population and imprisoning the opposition--or not obviously. But a whole industry of "political technology" has developed instead, with shadowy private firms and government "fixers" on lucrative contracts dedicated to the black arts of organizing electoral success. This book uncovers the sophisticated techniques of the "virtual" political system used to legitimize post-Soviet regimes: entire fake parties, phantom political rivals and "scarecrow" opponents. And it exposes the paramount role of the mass media in projecting these creations and in falsifying the entire political process. Wilson argues that it is not primarily economic problems that have made it so difficult to develop meaningful democracy in the former Soviet world. Although the West also has its "spin doctors," dirty tricks, and aggressive ad campaigns, it is the unique post-Bolshevik culture of "political technology" that is the main obstacle to better governance in the region, to real popular participation in public affairs, and to the modernization of the political economy in the longer term.

Cultural and Economic Prerequisites of Democracy: Reassessing Recent Evidence

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to reassess two influential theories of democratic development: the theory of democratic culture and the theory of economic development. The leading predecessors in each domain—Ronald Inglehart and Adam Przeworski—are the prime targets of analysis. We take issue with recent evidence presented by these authors on three grounds: the evidence (1) confuses “basic” criteria of democracy with possible “quality” criteria (Inglehart); (2) conceptualizes democracy in dichotomous rather than continuous terms (Przeworski); and (3) fails to account for endogeneity and contingent effects (Inglehart). In correcting for these shortcomings, we present striking results. In the case of democratic culture, the theory lacks support; neither overt support for democracy nor “self-expression values” affect democratic development. In the case of economic development, earlier findings must be refined. Although the largest impact of modernization is found among more democratized countries, we also find an effect among “semi-democracies.”

Religion in the Public Sphere

Abstract: Religious traditions and communities of faith have gained a new, hitherto unexpected political importance since the epochmaking change of 1989–90. Needless to say, what initially spring to mind are the variants of religious fundamentalism that we face not only in the Middle East, but also in Africa, Southeast Asia, and in the Indian subcontinent. They often lock into national and ethnic conflicts, and today also form the seedbed for the decentralized form of terrorism that operates globally and is directed against the perceived insults and injuries caused by a superior Western civilization. There are other symptoms, too. For example, in Iran the protest against a corrupt regime set in place and supported by the West has given rise to a veritable rule of priests that serves other movements as a model to follow. In several Muslim countries, and in Israel as well, religious family law is either an alternative or a substitute for secular civil law. And in Afghanistan (and soon in Iraq), the application of a more or less liberal constitution must be limited by its compatibility with the Sharia. Likewise, religious conflicts are squeezing their way into the international arena. The hopes associated with the political agenda of multiple modernities are fueled by the cultural self-confidence of those world religions that to this very day unmistakably shape the physiognomy of the major civilizations. And on the Western side of the fence, the perception of international relations has changed in light of the fears of a ‘clash of civilizations’—‘the axis of evil’ is merely one prominent example of this. Even Western intellectuals, to date self-critical in this regard, are starting to go on the offensive in their response to the image of Occidentalism that the others have of the West. Fundamentalism in other corners of the earth can be construed, among other things, in terms of the long-term impact of violent colonization and failures in decolonization. Under unfavorable circumstances, capitalist modernization penetrating these societies from the outside then triggers social uncertainty and cultural upheavals. On this reading, religious movements process the radical changes in social structure and cultural dissynchronies, which under conditions of an accelerated or failing modernization the individual may experience as a sense of being uprooted. What is more surprising is the political revitalization of religion at the heart of the United States, where the dynamism of modernization unfolds most successfully. Certainly, in Europe ever since the days of the French Revolution we have been aware of the power of a religious form of traditionalism that saw itself as counter-revolutionary. However, this evocation of religion as the

The Social Consequences of Structural Adjustment: Recent Evidence and Current Debates

Abstract: Thirty years ago, intellectual debates concerning the relationship between wealthy and poor nations could be summed up under the rubric of modernization versus dependency. However, the events of the 1980s and 1990s completely shifted the terms of this debate. Associated with the structural adjustment lending programs of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, and neoliberal ideology, a new policy discourse suggested that it was only through liberating market forces that poor countries could grow and catch up to the developed world. With 20 years of structural adjustment behind us, what does the evidence suggest about the social consequences of these policies? This review focuses on three different social transformations: changes in the governance of economies, transformations in class structures, and the rise of transnational networks.

Developing Countries and International Intellectual Property Standard-Setting

Abstract: Some developing countries are arguably worse off than in the past. During the Cold War, least-developed counties (LDCS) had the benefit of India and Brazil’s leadership of a broad coalition of developing countries, a coalition that mainly expressed itselfin the form of the Group of 77 (G77). The G77 has faded in importance. It is also not clear that India and Brazil are prepared to provide the general leadership on intellectual property issues that they once did. In part, this is because some Inhans believe that India has something to gain fiom parts of the intellectual property regime, such as copyright and geographical indications. Chma remains an unknown quantity as a leader. Processes of modernization (and modernity) are fiagrnenting what was once a more unified bloc of countries.

Living Islam: Muslim Religious Experience in Pakistan's North-West Frontier

Abstract: Winner of American Institute of Pakistan Studies Book Prize (2008). Living Islam is both a “classically” ethnographic and vividly fresh study of intellectual and moral life in Chitral that successfully highlights the cultural,intellectual and moral strategies Chitralis resort to in order to negotiate the stresses and challenges of modernization and the Islamist-inspired volatile political situation surrounding their region. What is remarkable is that Marsden manages to bring the ideas and self-representations of the Rowshanis out so plausibly and uncomplicatedly. While there are many studies of the Islamist challenge to traditional Muslim societies, few have looked beyond the national or state level and the urban milieu. By situating his work in small towns and villages in an ethnically and religiously diverse region, and by trying to understand and explain the ways in which rural people use their cultural resources to intellectually and morally engage with serious, and often dangerous and violent, geo-political phenomena, Marsden has produced a study that is not only relevant to anthropologists but also political scientists and those interested in political Islam.

Solidarity: From Civic Friendship to a Global Legal Community

Abstract: In Solidarity, Hauke Brunkhorst brings a powerful combination of theoretical perspectives to bear on the concept of "democratic solidarity," the bond among free and equal citizens. Drawing on the disciplines of history, political philosophy, and political sociology, Brunkhorst traces the historical development of the idea of universal, egalitarian citizenship and analyzes the prospects for democratic solidarity at the international level, within a global community under law. His historical account of the concept outlines its development out of, and its departure from, the less egalitarian notions of civic friendship in the Greco-Roman world and brotherliness in the Judeo-Christian tradition. He then analyzes the modernization of Western societies and the destruction of the older, hierarchical solidarities. The problems of exclusion that subsequently arose -- which stemmed from growing individualization in society (the "de-socialization of the individual") as well as from the exclusion of certain groups from the benefits of society -- could be solved only with democratic solidarity in the form of its "institutional embodiment," the democratic constitution. Finally, Brunkhorst examines the return of these exclusion problems as a result of economic globalization. Analyzing the possibilities for democratic self-governance at a global level, Brunkhorst finds in recent global protest movements the beginnings of a transnational civic solidarity. Brunkhorst's normative and sociological account, mediating between these two perspectives, demonstrates the necessity of keeping normative requirements systematically attuned with conditions of social reality.

Small-Scale Forest Ownership across Europe: Characteristics and Future Potential

Abstract: The concept of small-scale forest ownership means different things to different people in different countries. Traditionally, within Europe, many small-scale forest owners were economically dependent on their forests, either for home or commercial use, usually linked with farming activities. However, many small-scale forest owners are no longer economically dependent on their forests and these owners appear to increasingly focus their management on amenity functions rather than on production functions. These changes in forest ownership are related to more general trends in rural dynamics. As a result of these dynamics, increasingly rural development is not focused on agricultural modernisation, but on rural restructuring. A description of how forest owners themselves perceive their forests has been made on the basis of a survey amongst 1401 small-scale forest owners in eight European countries. Data were collected on ownership and management characteristics as well as on the perspectives regarding the future of the rural area in which the forests are located. The median forest size varies between 1.3 ha in Greece to 4.5 ha in Spain. About 30% of the forest owners have an indifferent attitude to their forests. This group includes many absentee owners and retired local owners, who own only forest lands but who are not economically dependent on these forests. Almost 40% of the forest owners are only modestly interested in forest management; often they have an environmental management orientation. This group includes many hobby owners and part-time employed people. Only one-third of the private forest owners are still economically dependent on their forests; they have predominantly a multifunctional management orientation. The survey findings suggest that policies to stimulate forestry development should be diversified in respect to these different types of small-scale forest owners.

Social Care and the Modern Citizen: Client, Consumer, Service User, Manager and Entrepreneur

Abstract: Since coming to power, New Labour has embarked on a programme of modernization. Few areas of state activity have been more visibly subjected to New Labour’s modernization agenda than the personal social services. Local authority social services departments have largely ceased to exist as separate organizational entities. However, modernization has also required that the relationship between state and citizen be reconstructed. This is evident in New Labour’s vision for adult social care which envisages a move towards individual budgets. The individualizing nature of such schemes may be thought hard to reconcile with the discourse of integration and partnership prominent elsewhere. However, a key linking concept is that of ‘person-centredness’. It is often assumed that this simply means that public services become more flexible to meet the needs of ‘the person’. This paper uses the example of direct payments to demonstrate how modernization also requires flexibility of ‘the person’. It would appear that inherent in New Labour’s project of modernization is the assumption that the modern citizen should be both managerial and entrepreneurial. What were once public responsibilities are being transferred to the individual. The implications for the users of adult social care are discussed.

Why Are Modern Families Small? Toward an Evolutionary and Cultural Explanation for the Demographic Transition

Abstract: As societies modernize, they go through what has become known as "the demographic transition;" couples begin to limit the size of their families. Models to explain this change assume that reproductive behavior is either under individual control or under social control. The evidence that social influence plays a role in the control of reproduction is strong, but the models cannot adequately explain why the development of small family norms always accompanies modernization. We suggest that the widening of social networks, which has been found to occur with modernization, is sufficient to explain the change in reproductive norms if it is assumed that (a) advice and comment on reproduction that passes among kin is more likely to encourage the creation of families than that which passes among nonkin and (b) this advice and comment influence the social norms induced from the communications. This would, through a process of cultural evolution, lead to the development of norms that make it increasingly difficult to have large families.

Agency Escape: Decentralization or Dominance of the European Commission in the Modernization of Competition Policy?

Abstract: The “modernization” reforms of European antitrust are summarized and interpreted. The article uses principal–agent analysis enhanced by socio-institutional insights. The reforms in policy implementation are of historic importance. While they appear to promise decentralization to national competition authorities, more sophisticated analysis points to an increase in the centralized power of the Commission. The novel instrument of a supranational European Competition Network creates a redesigned relationship between the Commission and the member states that carries high risks of incoherence. Modernization driven by a legal epistemic community carries a less obvious risk that increased power of competition policy will unduly reinforce liberal market disciplines through a juridification of the European competition regime.

Staging growth : modernization, development, and the global Cold War

Abstract: A timely reassessment of modernization theory and its international impact; Beginning in the 1950s, the theory of modernization emerged as the dominant paradigm of economic, social, and political develoment within the American foreign policy establishment. Purporting to explain the stages through which all nations pass on the road to industrial modernity, it provided a rationale for a broad range of cultural and political projects aimed at fostering Third World growth while simultaneously combating communism. But modernization theory was more than simply an expression of Cold War ideology. As the essays in this volume show, the ideal of modernization proliferated throughout the postcolonial world and across ideological lines in places as diverse as East Asia, Southern Africa, and South Asia. Indeed, it was embraced by all who shared the American enthusiasm for the increased production and higher standards of living promised by industrialization - enemies and allies alike. Situating modernization theory historically, Staging Growth avoids conventional chronologies and categories of analysis, particularly the traditional focus on conflicts between major powers. The contributors employ a variety of approaches - from economic and intellectual history to cultural criticism and biography - to shed fresh light on the global forces that shaped the Cold War and its legacies. Most of the pieces are comparative, exploring how different countries and cultures have grappled with the implications of modern development. At the same time, all of the essays address similar fundamental questions. Is modernization the same thing as Westernization? Is the idea of modernization universally valid? Do countries follow similar trajectories as they undertake development? Does modernization bring about globalization? In addition to the editors and Akira Iriye, contributors include Michael Adas, Laura Belmonte, Gregg Andrew Brazinsky, Christina Klein, J. Victor Koschmann, and Michael R. Mahoney.

Customs Modernization Handbook

Abstract: This handbook aims to make a positive contribution to the efforts that many countries are undertaking to modernize their customs administrations. The handbook views a competent and well-organized customs service as one that successfully balances its various responsibilities to ensure a high level of compliance with revenue objectives and regulatory requirements while at the same time intervening as little as possible in the legitimate movement of goods and people across borders. The handbook recognizes that conditions differ greatly across countries, so that each customs administration will need to tailor its modernization efforts to national objectives, implementation capacities, and resource availability.

The logic of financial westernization in the Middle East

Abstract: In the 19th century, financial reforms in the Middle East included the legalization of interest, the establishment of secular courts, and banking regulations, all based on Western models. Exploring why foreign institutions were transplanted, this article shows that Islamic law blocked evolutionary paths that might have generated financial modernization through indigenous means. Sources of rigidity included (1) the Islamic law of commercial partnerships, which limited enterprise continuity, (2) the Islamic inheritance system, which restrained capital accumulation, (3) the waqf system, which inhibited resource pooling, and (4) Islam's traditional aversion to the concept of legal personhood, which hampered private organizations.

A Canadian Perspective

Abstract: Erick H. Turner [1] notes that “ClinicalTrials.gov, a registry authorized by the Food and Drug Modernization Act of 1997, appears not to be comprehensive.” While we await the creation of clinical trials registry and results databases that are truly comprehensive, innovative efforts to provide convenient access to credible information about known existing clinical trials need to continue. A Canadian example is provided by OntarioCancerTrials.ca, a consumer-oriented site developed by the Ontario Cancer Research Network (OCRN), with funding from the Ontario government.

Enter the Transformational Leader Network Governance and the Micro-politics of Modernization

Abstract: It is widely acknowledged that network governance is an increasingly significant feature of modern states.This article focuses on the cultural processes of attachment and identification that are formed in the spaces opened up in the ‘differentiated polity’ (Rhodes, 1997) of network governance. It explores the constitution of new subject positions – as ‘transformational leaders’ – for senior public service managers. The empirical data, drawn from interviews with senior public service managers in the UK, highlights tensions in the process of state modernization, and suggests ways in which ‘transformational’ identities might be influential in shaping the micro-politics of policy delivery.

Is life getting better? : how long and happy people live in modern society

Abstract: . Human society has changed greatly over the past centuries and this process of “modernization” has profoundly affected the lives of individuals; currently we live quite different lives from those our forefathers lived only five generations ago. There are differences of opinion as to whether we live better now than before, and consequently there is also disagreement as to whether we should continue modernizing or rather try to slow the process down. Quality of life in a society can be measured by how long and happy its inhabitants live. Using these indicators I assessed whether societal modernization has made life better or worse. First, I examined some findings from present day survey research. I started with a cross-sectional analysis of 90 nations and found that people live longer and happier in today's most modern societies. Second, I examined trends in 10 modern nations over the last 30 years and found that happiness and longevity have increased in most cases. Third, I considered the long-ter...

Professionals and the Conflicting Forces of Administrative Modernization and Civic Engagement

Abstract: As governments worldwide give more responsibility to local authorities, it makes sense to examine emerging roles of the local government professional. These roles are developing in a contemporary context that features the conflicting forces of administrative modernization and civic engagement (Nalbandian and Nalbandian 2002, 2003; Naschold and Daley 1999a, 1999b, 1999c; for a global perspective see Barber 1995; Friedman 1999; Kettl 2000a; Sacks 2002; Yergin and Stanislaw 1999). Modernization creates an administrative culture driven by efficiency and the pervasive influence of technique. This trend is increasingly divorced from a second force that involves citizen engagement, participation, and the passion of local politics. In Chapter 12, Hambleton describes these forces succinctly in figure 12.2, as he outlines what he refers to as the new city management.

The Future That Failed: Origins and Destinies of the Soviet Model

Abstract: I Introduction: Theoretical Perspectives II Sources And Components 1. State formation and state tradition 2. Revolutionary imagination and revolutionary strategy 3. Social revolution and imperial modernization III The Model And Its Variants 1. The totalitarian project 2. Expansion, reproduction and reform 3. The Western Periphery 4. The Eastern Arena IV Crisis and Collapse 1. Visions of breakdown 2. From expansion to extinction

Global Modernization: Rethinking the Project of Modernity

Abstract: Modernization and Modernity The Classic Theory of Modernization Modernization of Traditional Third World Societies Critiques of the Classic Theory of Modernization and Alternative Approaches Modernity and its Future Globalization and Modernity

The changing face of China : from Mao to market

Abstract: 1. Introduction: The new 'New China' 2. Search for Socialism: from Liberation to Utopia 3. Mao Zedong versus the Party: from cult to Cultural Revolution 4. The Rebel Alternative: from 1919 to the Red Guards 5. Second Cultural Revolution: the abortive Great Debate 6. Economics in Command: the modernization of China 7. Peasant China Transformed: the rise of rural enterprise 8. The Growth of Dissent: poets and democracy 9. The Party under Pressure: reform and reaction 10. The Scholars Speak Out: humanism or bourgeios liberalism? 11. The Door Opens Wide: foreign trade and the world economy 12. Tiananmen Square, 1989: turning-point for China 13. Into the New Millennium: China transformed 14. China and the World: from Mao to market Chronology China's Political Leaders Select Bibliography Index of Names General Index

An outline of a revisionist theory of modernity

Abstract: Modernization, contrary to the common assumption of most writings in the field, does not follow a uniform path. The diversity of the historical experiences in the Third World countries imposes a severe revision of the theory. The case of India is taken as a good example. It helps the author to declare that there are two theorical lines which must be at the same time divided and connected. The first is functionalist, the second sequentiel, including contradictions and break thoughts. A last section is devoted to the necessity of reflexivity.

Explaining a Religious Anomaly: A Historical Analysis of Secularization in Eastern Germany

Abstract: The sociology of religion is engrossed in a debate concerning the process of secularization Some theories of secularization hold that religiosity decreases under the effects of modernization In opposition, supply-side models of religious change maintain that declines in religiosity can be explained only through changes in the supply of religious goods To further examine mechanisms of secularization, this article investigates the emergence of the most secularized society in the world today—eastern Germany The extremely high percent of atheists in contemporary eastern Germany suggests that the public demand for religion has diminished But the process of modernization did not bring about this change; instead, current drops in religious demand and religiosity in eastern Germany are the result of dramatic interventions in the supply of religious goods over the past two centuries We trace the historical conditions that have created the most atheistic society ever

Teacher job satisfaction: lessons from the TSW Pathfinder Project

Abstract: Government policy assumes that modernization and remodelling will be effective as external intervention mechanisms to improve job satisfaction. Based on data collected as part of the evaluation of ...

The birth of the "salon": Poverty, "modernization/' and dealing with witchcraft in southern Tanzania

Abstract: In this article, we explore the social process of modernization through an examination of the transformation in the delivery of antiwitchcraft services that has occurred in southern Tanzania under the pervasive influence of transnational ideoscapes of market liberalization and public-sector reform. We argue that the anthropological association of witchcraft with the modern in Africa overlooks witchcraft's explicitly unmodern associations in popular discourse and state policy. These latter associations contrast with the practice of antiwitchcraft specialists who seek to enable the realization of modernity both through dealing with witchcraft and through the self-conscious adoption of specifically modernizing practices.

Finding a place: Negotiations of modernization and globalization among rural women in Beijing

Abstract: This article examines the ways in which modernization and globalization are experienced, negotiated, and understood by women in rural-to-urban migration in contemporary China In the last two decades, labor mobility in China has increased dramatically, with millions of people leaving the countryside for the promise of money and a modern life in the coastal special economic zones such as Shenzhen and in the global cities of Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou This article discusses the narratives of rural migrant women working in the city of Beijing A striking feature of these narratives is the variety of conflicting evaluations of place presented, not just by different women, but also by the same individuals For example, the stated wish to stay in the city as long as possible often conflicts with complaints about the hardships faced there Conversely, it is very common for women to describe their home in the village with fondness and nostalgia, but to say that they never want to go back The author of thi