Showing papers on "Morning published in 1976"

A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms.

Abstract: An English language self-assessment Morningness-Eveningness questionnaire is presented and evaluated against individual differences in the circadian vatiation of oral temperature 48 subjects falling into Morning, Evening and Intermediate type categories regularly took their temperature Circadian peak time were identified from the smoothed temperature curves of each subject Results showed that Morning types and a significantly earlier peak time than Evening types and tended to have a higher daytime temperature and lower post peak temperature The Intermediate type had temperatures between those of the other groups Although no significant differences in sleep lengths were found between the three types, Morning types retired and arose significantly earlier than Evening types Whilst these time significatly correlated with peak time, the questionnaire showed a higher peak time correlation Although sleep habits are an important determinant of peak time there are other contibutory factors, and these appear to be partly covered by the questionnaire Although the questionnaire appears to be valid, further evaluation using a wider subject population is required

Human serum melatonin changes during the menstrual cycle.

Abstract: Serum melatonin concentration in early morning during the menstrual cycle, studied in five healthy women, showed that melatonin was elevated at the time of menstrual bleeding and had its nadir at the time of the menstrual cycling in humans.

Relationship between oestrogen, prostaglandin F2alpha and histamine in delayed implantation in the mouse.

Abstract: Treatment of pregnant mice ovariectomized on day 3 (23.00-2330 h) with progesterone (1 mg/day/mouse, from day 4 through 11 post coitum (p.c.)) and oestrogen (single injection of 0.05 mug on day 8 p.c.) induced implantation in all the animals. Implantation was inhibited in animals following three subcutaneous injections of indomethacin given on the morning and afternoon of day 8 and the morning of day 9 p.c. A single injection of histamine on day 8 p.c. partially compensated the effect of indomethacin. A complete reversal of the antifertility effect of indomethacin was achieved following intraperitoneal administration of histamine (2 mug at noon of day 8 p.c.) and PGF2alpha (20 mug on the morning and afternoon of day 8 p.c.). This study suggests that in the mouse uterus indomethacin impairs the physiological changes which are required for the decidual cell formation and implantation. It is likely that an injection of oestradiol in the progesterone treated ovariectomized mice triggers the release of PGF2alpha and histamine and that these compounds are involved in the chain of events leading to implantation of blastocysts.

The periodicity of daily activity and its seasonal changes in free-ranging and captive kangaroo rats.

Abstract: Populations ofDipodomys microps andD. merriami in eastern California (37°11'N. Lat.) are active on the surface throughout the night and during the whole year. These two species, and the males and females within each species, show no significant differences in times of beginning or end of activity. Beginning and end of nightly activity generally fall within the brighter part of the twilights, even though the total time spent on the surface by individuals is at times only an hour or two, or even less, per night. Near the summer solstice in southern Saskatchewan, Canada (50°45'N. Lat.), when sunset and sunrise were 7 h 43 min apart, the time from onset to end of activity in a population ofD. ordii (the northernmost of all kangaroo rats) was only 6 h; these animals were also only on the surface at intervals during the night.During the course of the year, the light intensity at which the first individualD. microps andD. merriami became active on the surface varied between 200 and 2,000 lux, and the light intensity at which the last individual was active in the morning varied between 50 and 20,000 lux. There was no apparent influence of the moonlight cycle upon the onset and end of activity; in fact the light levels at beginning and end of activity are about 2 to 4 orders of magnitude brighter than that at full moon. The onset of activity is fairly synchronous within the population in that most individuals surface within about a fhalf hour of each other; furthermore, two-thirds of the individuals appearing in the first 32 min of activity had already appeared within the first 12 min. There appears to be a similar, synchronous, but less well marked end of activity in the morning.There were systematic seasonal changes in the time relative to sunset and sunrise respectively, and in the corresponding light intensities, at which the animals began and ended activity. The phase relationship between the onset of activity and sunset (ψ onset) showed tow maxima and two minima per year, but the phase relationship between the end of activity and sunrise (ψ end) showed only one maximum and one minimum per year. On the other hand, the annual range of change in the evening phaseψ onset (28 min) was half the annual range of change in the morning phaeψ end (57 min). Such a conspicuous difference in frequency and amplitude ofψ onset andψ end has not previously been reported for any species, nor has it been predicted by models of circadian rhythms and phase relationships. The resemblance of the course of annual change inψ onset to annual change in length of twilight and the resemblance of annual change inψ end to change in length of night are discussed. These differences may underline a circadian system based on two separate, but normally coupled components, which could be separately synchronized by dusk and dawn respectively.The daily running-wheel activity of 10 individually housedD. merriami under natural skylight in Los Angeles (34°05'N. Lat.) began and ended at light intensities two to three orders of magnitude lower than corresponding values for surface activity in the field. The onset and end of activity for the captive population did not show the synchronous peaks typical of the field populations; nor did the nightly activity patterns of individuals show peaks at the beginning and end of the night. The social isolation of the captive kangaroo rats is suggested as a factor contributing to differences between activity parameters in captivity and field.Proximate and ultimate factors shaping the periodicity of activity in kangaroo rats are discussed. It is hypothesized that social interactions involving some form of territoriality may give rise to a population peak in onset of activity in some solitary mammals such as kangaroo rats. A set of criteria is presented for comparing vertebrate species with regard to the periodicity and synchronization of both daily and seasonal functions.

Daily variations of behavioural activities and of plasma testosterone levels in the domestic duck Anas platyrhynchos

Abstract: The daily variation of various behavioural activities and of plasma testosterone levels have been studied simultaneously in two groups of five domestic ducks. The social displays and sexual behaviour are essentially exhibited by the birds during the early morning (and to a lesser extent in the late afternoon for major displays). The morning corresponds precisely with the highest testosterone levels observed in the blood. As testosterone propionate injections are known to elicit social displays and sexual behaviours in ducks, it is suggested that the correlation observed between the variations of testosterone levels and of behaviour could be due to a direct effect of the variations of hormone levels on behaviour. The theoretical possibility of such a short-term hormonal effect is briefly discussed.

Early morning hydroxyproline excretion in patients with breast cancer

Abstract: The hydroxyproline/creatinine excretion ratios have been measured in half-hour fasting morning urine specimens from breast cancer patients and compared with corresponding values measured in 24 hour urine collections. Both parameters show a close correlation. The value of the half-hour test in predicting the presence of early bone metastases, in monitoring the response of patients to therapy and in eliminating unwanted effects of dietary Hydroxyproline intake are discussed.

A comparison of the effect of imipramine, nomifensine, and placebo on the psychomotor performance of normal males

Abstract: Imipramine (50 mg), nomifensine (50 mg), or placebo was administered early morning, late morning, and mid-afternoon to normal volunteers. The program of hourly tests included: the Digit Symbol Substitution, Perceptual Reversal, Time Estimation Test, and Simple and Complex Continuous Performances tests both of which required recognition of briefly exposed letters of the alphabet.

Circadian Body Temperature in Chronic Schizophrenia

Abstract: The 24-hour oral temperatures of 51 chronic schizophrenic patients, 19 non-schizophrenic chronic psychiatric patients and 14 non-patients have been measured and compared. The chronic schizophrenias have an ealier peak temperature and differ significantly from the other groups. Compared with the non-schizophrenic patients their hourly mean temperatures reach significantly higher levels in the morning. Compared with the non-patients their mean temperatures fall to significantly lower levels in the evening after 5:00 pm.

Anxiety and sleep after fosazepam.

Abstract: 1 Six volunteers of mean age 59 years received placebo for week, then fosazepam (60 mg) nightly for 3 weeks, then placebo for 3 weeks. Subjective ratings and all-night electrophysiological recordings were made. 2 Fosazepam administration improved subjective sleep quality nut impaired feelings of morning vitality. Its withdrawal was associated with anxiety, impaired concentration and continuing impairment of morning vitality. Measured sleep duration increased on fosazepam, sleep was less broken, slow wave sleep stages 3 and 4 diminished in duration and so did REM sleep. 3 Despite the short-life of fosazepam some drug effects persisted for several days after withdrawal, suggesting action of a long half-life metabolite.

Epidemiologic Findings on the Relationship of Time of Day and Time Since Last Meal to Glucose Tolerance

Abstract: Data from 10,559 men and women, age 30-64, participating in the morning and afternoon in a Chicago Health Department multiphasic screening project, were used to determine the effects of time of day and time since last meal on the values for plasma glucose one and two hours following oral challenge with 100 gm. of glucose. Mean plasma glucose values and rates of suspect glucose intolerance (based on several cutpoints) were sizeably higher in the afternoon than in the morning. In addition, plasma glucose values increased with time elapsed since the last meal, up to 10 hours postprandially. Thereafter, both one- and two-hour plasma glucose values tended to exhibit a decline. Analysis of covariance confirmed that fluctuations in glucose tolerance were related to time of day and time since last meal, but the effects of each parameter were exerted independently.

Circadian variation of serum testosterone in the adult male rat with a late morning acrophase.

Abstract: Serum testosterone concentrations were measured in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. A significant circadian testosterone rhythm (p<0.01) was found with peak values at 10.00 and 13.00 h.

Adrenal and plasma corticosterone levels in the pregnant, foetal and neonatal rat, in the perinatal period.

Abstract: A group of pregnant control rats was sacrificed before parturition, in the morning, afternoon and evening of day 20 and 21 and in the morning of day 22. Another group was sacrificed during parturition, when 2 to 8 foetuses had been expelled. The onset of parturition occurred for the first rat in the afternoon of day 21 and for the last rat in the afternoon of day 22. Corticosterone was extracted from maternal, foetal and neonatal adrenals and plasma, and was assayed by a fluorometric procedure. The maternal adrenal and plasma corticosterone levels, before parturition, were lower in the morning than in the afternoon excepting day 22 when morning values were as high as those in the afternoon of day 21. Adrenal and plasma corticosterone concentrations were elevated during parturition in the mother but not the foetus. Plasma corticosterone values were raised in the newborn compared to their littermates in utero.

The Inward Morning

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Evidence of diurnal fluctuation of sensitivity to noradrenaline in the rat-the role of the thyroid.

Abstract: The capacity for heat production, under the influence of the same amount of noradrenaline, in the rat was significantly higher in the evening (20.00 h) than in the morning (07.00 h). Thyroidectomy produces not only a lower level of heat production, but also a complete disappearance of the differences between the morning and the evening experiments.

Diurnal variation in blood sugar and serum insulin in response to glucose and/or glucagon in healthy subjects.

Abstract: The role of insulin secretion in the diurnal variation of glucose tolerance has been investigated. In ten healthy subjects, at 08.00 and at 18.00 after 10 hrs of fasting, a combination test of glucose and glucagon was performed. 1 mg glucagon was injected intravenously 40 min after the intravenous infusion of glucose (0.5 g/kg b.w.). Samples for blood sugar (BS) and serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) were taken before and 2-5 min following the glucose and glucagon loads, and thereafter at 10 min intervals up to 85 min. In the afternoon test, the mean blood sugar values were higher, the differences in the 20-85 min values being statistically significant: the IRI values were statistically lower after glucose, while after glucagon, the increase of serum IRI was apparently similar in both morning and afternoon tests. However, the insulin/glucose ratio (I/G) was significantly lower at 18.00 at 55-85 men. Corresponding results were obtained in six additional healthy subjects when only glucagon (1 mg i.v.) was injected. In this case also, the mean insulin levels were lower in the afternoon after 5 min, while the BS values during the maximal insulin release (2-30 min) were comparable in both the morning and afternoon tests. In the 40-60 min interval, the BS levels were significantly higher in the afternoon. The existence of a diurnal variation in the blood sugar after intravenous glucose load, as well as after glucagon, seems to be correlated to a simultaneous diurnal variation in the insulin response, suggesting decreased pancreatic beta-cell activity in the afternoon.

Growth hormone, insulin and sugar in the blood plasma of bulls. Interrelated diurnal variations.

Abstract: Plasma growth hormone (GH) of eight young, sexually mature, pedigree bulls, observed at hourly intervals, varied during the day in a manner indicating intermittent secretion in peaks or bursts. The diurnal GH averages were about 10 ng/ml. GH averages for 2-3 h intervals showed minima following or during the periods of morning and afternoon feeding. A third minimum occurred between 10 and 12 p.m. Peak activity, estimated by the frequency of GH values greater than 10 ng/ml was significantly reduced during two of these low-GH-periods (afternoon and late night). The minima in GH followed after (morning) or coincided with (afternoon) maxima in plasma insulin (two materials, GH/insulin, 11 a. m.-10 p.m.: r=-0.31 and -3.34, P less than 0.01). This means that the two hormones behaved after food intake much in the same ways as in man in spite of the fact that plasma sugar decreased after feeding (GH/sugar, 11 a.m.-10 p.m.: r=0.27, two materials combined, P less than 0.001). The possibility of GH involvement in the hour-to-hour metabolic homoeostasis of the animals is discussed.

The whooping display in nilgiri langurs: An example of daily fluctuations superimposed on a general trend

Abstract: Field data on the whooping display in the Nilgiri langur were recorded in two ways: (1) the number of whoops heard while in the forest during a complete day; (2) the number of whoops heard by each of three troops while under constant observation from dawn to dusk for a total of 18 days. The temporal, visual, and auditory qualities of the display are described. Different methods of graphically representing the daily pattern of the whooping display are then exhibited. One method shows a main bimodal trend in whooping with a main peak in early morning and a smaller peak in the afternoon which is in accordance with other primate species. Secondarily, other ways of representing the data show that the morning peak is actually a series of peaks which decrease in magnitude after the initial peak. Additionally, the total amount of whooping is reduced during clear days and the initial morning peak is affected by the seasonal change in sunrise. The methods of representing data show that the gross trend of whooping is in reality a series of fluctuations which probably have relevance to the general activity as measured by the percent of individuals in the troop observed feeding. As in whooping the feeding activity when observed continuously in one troop for one day is a series of four to seven peaks rather than a bimodal distribution as represented by data of many days lumped together. A similar phenomenon of cycling in ontogenetic data is discussed.

The total eosinophil count in asthmatic children

Abstract: The diurnal variation in total eosinophil count (TEC) in asthmatic children not on medications or on thophylline-containing bronchodilators orally every 6 hr is similar to that reported in normal subjects, with a decrease in TEC in the morning and an increase in the evening. Asthmatic children taking prednisone in 8:00 A.M. on alternate days have diurnal variations in TEC on the "day off" prednisone similar to those on normal children. On the "day on" prednisone, administered either on a daily or alternate-day basis, TECs approach zero 4 to 8 hr after prednisone is taken. The TEC then increases in the evening as it does in children not taking prednisone.

The diurnal activity of the chicken-biting black fly, Simulium griseicolle Becker (Diptera, Simuliidae) in Northern Sudan

Abstract: The diurnal flight activity of Simulium griseicolle Becker was determined at Shambat, Khartoum, by means of a suction trap and a vehicle-mounted trap; and the biting activity by means of a chicken-baited trap. Only incidental observations of mammal-biting activity were made. The three trapping methods indicated two peaks of activity, one in the morning and the other late in the afternoon. Fly activity was lowest in the early afternoon when temperature and light intensity were highest, wind speed was moderate and relative humidity was least. Females outnumbered males in all the catches, except in the early morning when more males were sometimes recorded.

Interindividual differences in adjustment to shift work

Abstract: 320 3-shift workers, 30 2-shift workers and 30 day workers filled out a questionnaire on work hours and well-being. For 3-shift workers highest ratings of well-being were reported for the afternoon shift, followed by morning, and night shifts. Two-shift workers gave ratings identical to those of the 3-shift workers on corresponding shifts. Multivariate analysis showed that neuroticism, mental demands on the job and, to some extent, also housing standards accounted for variance in well-being on the night shift. When sleep length was used as the dependent variable the most important predictors were age and experience of shift work. Finally, it was found that, above the age of 45, well-being on the night shift decreased with increased experience of shift work. In younger age groups no relations of this kind were found. (Age was held constant in all analyses.) It was suggested that the relations found may indicate the existence of a process of accumulation of costs of adjustment starting around the age of 45. Language: en

Blood pressure response to physical activity in hypertensive subjects at different times of the day.

Abstract: Summary 1. Active orthostasis causes a fall of systolic blood pressure in the morning; this fall was more extensive in severe arterial hypertension. 2. Everyday physical activity produces a marked rise of systolic blood pressure, which is higher at noon and in the evening than in the morning; the hypertensive response is somewhat greater in WHO I1 and 111, than in WHO I, grades of hypertension. 3. In studies on blood pressure behaviour in hypertensive subjects the circadian variability not only of the blood pressure at rest but also of the blood pressure response to various stimuli has to be considered.

Diurnal variations of plasma and pituitary thyrotrophin in adult male and female rats.

Abstract: Male and female rats fed a low iodine diet for 20 days were used to study the diurnal variations in resting levels of plasma and pituitary TSH concentration using a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay. Sex differences in the fluctuations in plasma TSH levels and in amount of TSH in the pituitary gland were observed. The daily fluctuations of plasma TSH were characterized by two peaks that occurred in males at 6 a.m. and at 3 p.m. while in females the peaks were delayed until 9 a.m. and 7:30 p.m. Moreover, in the females the morning and the afternoon peaks were of the same intensity while in the males the afternoon peak that occurred just before the onset of darkness was much greater than the morning peak. There was a fall in TSH content of the pituitary in the male rats at 6 a.m. and also in the afternoon just before the onset of darkness. Thus, the diurnal variations in the plasma and pituitary TSH levels were related in male rats. In the females, however, the pituitary TSH concentration did not reflect the changes observed in the plasma TSH levels. The level of plasma PBI did not appear to be responsible for the fluctuations in plasma TSH concentration. It is suggested that the main mechanism for the control of the circadian rhythm of TSH might be related to a high activity at night.

The nature of electric field in E-Region close to morning and evening reversals

Abstract: The nature of electrostatic field driving the equatorial electrojet was studied using a coherent backscatter radar at Thumba. The doppler spectra of radar echoes from ionization irregularities in the E-region, during periods close to the morning and the evening electrojet reversals, show that the electric field, in general, is stronger during the pre-reversal periods than during the post-reversal periods. Similar results for the evening hours were reported earlier from the radar studies conducted at Jicamarca. This indicates that this effect is likely to be present at all the equatorial stations.