Showing papers on "Pediatric Infectious Disease published in 2014"

Trends of pneumococcal meningitis in children after introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in France.

Abstract: Background:Streptococcus pneumoniae remains an important cause of bacterial meningitis in children younger than 2 years. Here, we analyzed data from an active surveillance network established 12 years ago by the Pediatric Infectious Disease Group and the Pediatric Clinical and Therapeutical Associat

Impact of Infectious Diseases Society of America/Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society Guidelines on Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children

Abstract: We examined the impact of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines that recommend ampicillin or amoxicillin for children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Prescribing of ampicillin/amoxicillin increased following guideline publication, but remains low. Cephalosporin and macrolide prescribing decreased but remains common. Further studies exploring outcomes of and reasons for compliance with guidelines are warranted.

Design of the standardizing care to improve outcomes in pediatric end stage renal disease collaborative

Abstract: The Standardizing Care to Improve Outcomes in Pediatric End Stage Renal Disease (SCOPE) Collaborative is a North American multi-center quality transformation effort whose primary aim is to minimize exit-site infection and peritonitis rates among pediatric chronic peritoneal dialysis patients. The project, developed by the quality improvement faculty and staff at the Children’s Hospital Association’s Quality Transformation Network (QTN) and content experts in pediatric nephrology and pediatric infectious diseases, is modeled after the QTN’s highly successful Pediatric Intensive Care Unit and Hematology-Oncology central line-associated blood-stream infection (CLABSI) Collaboratives. Like the Association’s other QTN efforts, the SCOPE Collaborative is part of a broader effort to assist pediatric nephrology teams in learning about and using quality improvement methods to develop and implement evidence-based practices. In addition, the design of this project allows for targeted research that builds on high-quality, ongoing data collection. Finally, the project, while focused on reducing peritoneal dialysis catheter-associated infections, will also serve as a model for future pediatric nephrology projects that could further improve the quality of care provided to children with end stage renal disease.

BCG-osis after BCG vaccination in immunocompromised children: Case series and review

Abstract: *Corresponding Author: Mohammad Sadegh Rezai MD, Associate professor of pediatric infectious diseases Mailing Address: Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Resistant Nosocomial Infection Research Centre, Bou Ali Sina Hospital, Pasdaran Boulevard, Sari, Iran. Tel: +98 151 2233011-15 Fax: +98 151 2234506 Email: drmsrezaeii@yahoo.com BCG-osis after BCG vaccination in immunocompromised children: Case series and review

Diagnosis and Management of Clostridium difficile Infection by Pediatric Infectious Diseases Physicians

Abstract: BACKGROUND The incidence of C difficile infection (CDI) has risen among children; however, optimal management of CDI within a diverse pediatric population remains unclear. Although adult guidelines recommend oral vancomycin for treatment of second recurrence or severe CDI, dedicated pediatric data to support pediatric specific management guidelines are lacking. Our objective was to describe current CDI management practices by pediatric infectious diseases (ID) physicians. METHODS We surveyed pediatric members of the Emerging Infections Network, a network of infectious diseases (ID) physicians across North America, in October 2012. Clinical vignettes were used to determine how physicians modify CDI management based on clinical presentation or presence of comorbidities, including solid organ transplantation, inflammatory bowel disease, and neutropenia. RESULTS Of the 285 physicians surveyed, 167 (59%) responded. There were no significant differences in geography, level of experience, or hospital type between respondents and non-respondents. All respondents (100%) used oral metronidazole for the initial occurrence of mild CDI in a normal host. Management varied substantially for mild CDI in patients with a variety of comorbidities, in whom metronidazole therapy was less frequently preferred (41-79%). For management of severe CDI, 65% preferred oral vancomycin alone or in combination with at least one other agent. For a second recurrence, oral vancomycin alone or in combination was preferred by 92%. Among 125 respondents who reported using alternative therapies for recurrent or severe CDI, 23 (18%) recommend fecal microbiota transplantation, while 20 (16%) reported using fidaxomicin. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric ID physicians prefer metronidazole for treatment of mild CDI in healthy children, but management strategies vary for patients with comorbidities or recurrent or severe disease. These findings highlight the need for pediatric comparative effectiveness studies aimed at determining the optimal treatment for pediatric CDI.

Population based cohort study for pediatric infectious diseases research in Vietnam.

Abstract: A population-based cohort study on pediatric infectious diseases was established at Khanh Hoa Province, central Vietnam in 2006, to determine the etiology and risk factors for severe pediatric infectious diseases (SPID) such as acute respiratory infection (ARI), diarrhea and dengue which are the major causes of under 5 mortality. A population census survey was conducted in Nha-Trang and Ninh-Hoa to collect demographic, social-behavioral data and disease burden on SPID. The study site covered a population of 353,525 residing in 75,826 households with 24,781 children less than 5 years. Hospital databases from two hospitals covering the region were obtained. Linking the census and hospital databases, we were able to investigate on a variety of SPID such as environmental tobacco smoking exposure and increased risked of pediatric pneumonia hospitalization, population density, water supply and risk of dengue fever and animal livestock and risk of hospitalized diarrhea. To determine incidence, viral etiology and risk factors for pediatric ARI/pneumonia, we setup a population based prospective hospitalized Pediatric ARI surveillance at Khanh Hoa General Hospital, Nha-Trang in February 2007. The study has revealed RSV, rhinovirus and influenza A as major viral pathogens, role of multiple viral infection and its interaction with bacteria in the development of pneumonia. In addition, we are also conducting a birth cohort study to investigate the incidence of congenital infection and its impact on physical-neurological development, and role of host genetic polymorphism on SPID hospitalization in Vietnam. Population mobility, high cost of regular census update and low mortality are the challenges.

Optimizing pediatric clinical care and advocacy in an online era: Report of the Canadian Paediatric Society Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee

Abstract: Objective To help busy FPs find useful current information and keep up to date on pediatric infectious disease and immunization topics by highlighting the work of one excellent source of reliable information in this area, the Canadian Paediatric Society Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee. Composition of the committee Committee members were appointed to represent the Canadian Paediatric Society, the College of Family Physicians of Canada, the Public Health Agency of Canada, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the National Advisory Committee on Immunization. Methods This article highlights important pediatric practice points generated by the Canadian Paediatric Society Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee at a typical meeting in January 2013 from the perspective of an FP liaison. It also describes the committee’s work methods and its background thinking related to the most current and changing issues. Report Learn specific online links to updated pediatric infectious disease topics from the detailed content of this report. Topics include caring for kids new to Canada, vaccine-hesitant parents, influenza, human papillomavirus, pertussis, sexually transmitted infections, multidrug-resistant bacteria, and advocacy, among others. Conclusion Learn where to find this new and continuously changing information and how to stay evergreen in your knowledge.

Kawasaki Disease in Latin American Children: Past, Current, and Future Challenges.

Abstract: Kawasaki disease (KD) is the leading cause of acquired cardiac disease in children in developed countries and Asia. However, there is a paucity of data available from Latin America. In response to the gap in knowledge about KD in Latin America, a group of pediatric infectious disease researchers from the Kawasaki Disease Research Center at the University of California San Diego and the Sociedad Latinoamericana de Infectologia Pediatrica joined efforts during the last decade to address this problem. The Red de Enfermedad de Kawasaki en America Latina (Latin American Kawasaki Disease Network) was launched in 2013 to study the epidemiology of KD among children from the major pediatric tertiary referral hospitals in Latin America. This multinational multicenter network is primarily composed of pediatric infectious diseases, cardiology, rheumatology, and immunology subspecialists and pediatricians from 20 countries, and it is one of the world's largest networks to study the general epidemiology of KD. The first 2 prospective and retrospective multinational multicenter studies looking at the epidemiology of KD in the region were initiated in 2014. Future plans for the network include establishing collaborative research alliances and projects with other centers around the world. To date [ 1], there have been no published studies describing the overall incidence and prevalence of KD in Latin American children. The most important and recent epidemiological study addressing this issue, related to Chile, was published in 2012 [ 2]. Of these, the most recent relevant study addressed the seasonality of KD in different parts of the globe, including some Latin American and Caribbean countries [ 4]. In this document, we briefly summarize relevant available information from Latin America. Although there have been other publications from individual countries that are outside the scope of this communication, the majority of these reports are single case reports, or case series that have been published predominantly in local journals that are not indexed in PubMed and instead are in regional Spanish, Portuguese, and English databases.

Diagnosis and management of acute mastoiditis in a cohort of Italian children.

Abstract: Objective: The Italian Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases created a registry to determine the management of pediatric acute mastoiditis (AM) in Italy. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of paediatricians was conducted to evaluate hospitalization due to AM in Italian pediatric wards between 1 January 2002, and 31 December 2013. Results: A total of 913 children (561 males, 61.4%) were included in this study. The annual number of AM cases significantly increased during the study period (30 in 2002 and 98 in 2013) but only among older children (≥4 years old; p = 0.02). AM complications occurred in 69 (7.6%) of the children and sequelae were observed in 13 (1.4%) patients. Conclusion: The annual number of pediatric AM cases admitted to Italian pediatric wards increased in the past few years; this increase was strictly age-related. The risk of severe AM complications appeared relatively low, and most AM cases could be treated conservatively.

Formal infectious diseases consultations at a tertiary pediatric hospital: a 14-year review.

Abstract: We analyzed the formal consultations seen by the infectious diseases service over a 14-year period at one of the largest pediatric hospitals in Australia. We highlight the increasing demand for pediatric infectious diseases expertise and the reasons for which consultations are sought. Our findings will help in planning and resource allocation in an era of increasingly complex patients.

Management of Lower Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Developing Countries: A Narrative Review

Abstract: *Corresponding Author: Mohammed Jafar Saffar, Professor of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Mailing Address: Department of Pediatric infectious disease, Antimicrobial Resistant Nosocomial Infection Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Tel:+981133342331 Fax:+981133342331 Email: Saffar@softhome.net Management of Lower Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Developing Countries: A Narrative Review

Cutaneous manifestation in children with HIV/AIDS

Abstract: *Corresponding Author: Mohammad Sadegh Rezai MD, Associate professor of pediatric infectious diseases Mailing Address: Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Resistant Nosocomial Infection Research Centre, Bou Ali Sina Hospital, Pasdaran Boulevard, Sari, Iran. Tel: +98 151 2233011-15 Fax: +98 151 2234506 Email: drmsrezaeii@yahoo.com Cutaneous manifestation in children with HIV/AIDS

Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control for Children: Report From the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Pediatric Leadership Council.

Abstract: Given the evolving epidemiology of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in children and the intense national focus by clinicians and regulators on infection prevention efforts, the goal of this commentary is to describe the activities and achievements of the Pediatric Leadership Council (PLC) of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and to highlight potential opportunities within the field of pediatric hospital epidemiology and infection prevention. Although preventing infections has been recognized as a critical component of healthcare for over 150 years [1, 2], the field of hospital epidemiology and infection control as a focused area of practice is relatively young. The Hospital Infections Unit was established at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 1966 [3] in the context of the emergence of hospitalacquired Staphylococcus aureus infections. The landmark SENIC (Study on the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control) Project in the 1970s established that implementing effective infection prevention and control programs in hospitals could reduce HAI rates by up to 32% [4]. Over the last 15 years, much attention has been focused on HAI as a continuing major threat to the safety of patients in a variety of healthcare settings [5]. Hospitals and healthcare systems have worked hard to institute evidence-based practices to prevent infections. This work has occurred in children’s hospitals in parallel to the efforts occurring in hospitals that treat adult patients. Differences between adult and pediatric populations require that typical approaches for infection prevention be tailored to meet the needs of children. Issues such as age-related differences in development, immunity, device utilization, and availability of specific technologies, along with the ultimate goal of family-centered care, all contribute to and impact the risk of HAI for children [6]. At a national level, pediatric hospital epidemiologists have advocated for consideration of these special approaches as infection prevention policies are developed (eg, through the inclusion of a pediatric infectious diseases [ID] physician on the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee [HICPAC] since its establishment in 1991) and have conducted original research to generate knowledge and test the efficacy of preventive interventions in pediatric populations. In recognition of the need for better data on pediatric HAI, in 1997 the CDC and the National Association of Children’s Hospitals and Related Institutions established the Pediatric Prevention Network, a multinational collaborative of 77 children’s hospitals whose goals included assessing the prevalence of HAI and antimicrobial resistance and ultimately improving pediatric outcomes [7]. SHEA is a professional society founded in 1980, and its mission is to prevent and control healthcare-associated infections and advance the field of healthcare epidemiology through research, education, and translation of knowledge into effective policy and practice. In 1995, a pediatric special interest group (PSIG) within SHEA was created as an informal gathering of professionals who were interested in the unique challenges of infection prevention for children. Over the next 15 years, PSIG members worked to provide pediatric expertise in healthcare epidemiology and represent the Invited Commentary

Capacity building in pediatric transplant infectious diseases: an international perspective.

Abstract: Transplant infectious diseases is a rapidly emerging subspecialty within pediatric infectious diseases reflecting the increasing volumes and complexity of this patient population. Incorporating transplant infectious diseases into the transplant process would provide an opportunity to improve clinical outcome and advocacy as well as expand research. The relationship between transplant physicians and infectious diseases (ID) specialists is one of partnership, collaboration, and mutual continuing professional education. The ID CARE Committee of the International Pediatric Transplant Association (IPTA) views the development and integration of transplant infectious diseases into pediatric transplant care as an international priority.

1349Gene Expression Profiles Discriminate Between Young Children with Human Rhinovirus (HRV) Symptomatic Infection vs Asymptomatic Detection

Abstract: Symptomatic Infection vs Asymptomatic Detection S. Heinonen1, N.M. Suarez1, T. Jartti2, S. Oliva3, C. Garcia4, O. Ramilo1 and A. Mejias1 1Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; 2Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; 3Hospital Materno Infantil, Malaga’s University, Malaga, Spain; 4Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

Role of C. Pneumoniae in nasal Polyp formation: PCR in tissue and serology: a cross sectional study: Tehran, Iran

Abstract: Role of C. Pneumoniae in nasal Polyp formation: PCR in tissue and serology: a cross sectional study: Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Shokrollahi, Mohammad Farhadi, Samileh Noorbakhsh*, Shima Javad Nia, Sahar Ghavidel, and Ali Reza Shamshiri MD, Department of medicine, Qom University of medical sciences and Health services, Qom, Iran & Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Iran University of Medical Sciences Professor of ENT, ENT & Head and Neck Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science Professor of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Research center of pediatric infectious diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences,Iran ENT -Head & Neck Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences MD; Epidemiologist; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical sciences *Corresponding author

The prophylactic effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on incidence of acute rotavirus diarrhea in children: a systematic review randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials

Abstract: *Corresponding Author: Mohammad Sadegh Rezai MD, Associate professor of pediatric infectious diseases Mailing Address: Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Resistant Nosocomial Infection Research Centre, Bou Ali Sina Hospital, Pasdaran Boulevard, Sari, Iran. Tel:+981133342331 Fax:+981133342331 Email: drmsrezaeii@yahoo.com The prophylactic effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on incidence of acute rotavirus diarrhea in children: a systematic review; randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials

Impact Factor of Published Clinical Trials in the Field of Pediatric Infectious Diseases

Abstract: Impact Factor (IF) is used for evaluating journals; it represents a measure of the average frequency with which an article in a specific journal is cited by other articles in a given period of time. In a previous report we showed that in Neonatology, clinical trials published between 1998 and 2003 were more likely to be published in journals with lower IF had they reported negative results (NR) vs. positive results (PR). This study aimed at determining which biases exist in clinical trials in the field of Pediatric Infectious Diseases; we tested the effect of 5 factors on the likelihood of an article to be published in a high vs. low IF journal: NR vs. PR, sample size, study design (prospective, randomized, double-blinded), funding source, and originating region of the report. We selected articles of clinical trials in the field of Pediatric Infectious Diseases registered in MEDLINE from 2007 to 2011. We recorded the aforementioned factors and the IF of each journal, corresponding to publication year. Trends over time and the differences between studies with NR or PR were examined. IF and sample size were not significantly higher in PR vs. NR studies. Conversely, the aforementioned study design elements produced publications in journals of significantly higher IF. IF increased respectively with the following funding source categories: (i) no source stated; (ii) pharmaceutical company; (iii) non-US competitive; (iv) US national agency (non-NIH); (iv) NIH. Pediatric Infectious Diseases articles with NR vs. PR are not more likely to be published in journals with lower IF. Also, no apparent relationship exists between sample size and IF. Factors associated with the quality of the study, namely design and source of funding, may be more related to the IF of the journal than the type of results reported therein.

Old foe, old remedy Studies support use of older, inexpensive antibiotics for community acquired pneumonia

Abstract: Two recent studies by pediatric hospitalists support recommendations from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS) to use narrow spectrum antibiotics rather than wider spectrum cephalosporins to treat children hospitalized with uncomplicated

Developments in pediatric infectious diseases: a review of WSPID 2013.

Abstract: 8th World Congress of the World Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases conference Cape Town, South Africa, 19–22 November 2013 The 8th World Congress of the World Society for Pediatric Infectiou...

Running Title: Sequence-Optimized Peptides Overcome ESKAPE Pathogens

Abstract: Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 5 University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Division of 6 Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 7 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Seattle Children’s 8 Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA 9 10

747Implementation of weight-based blood culture collection in pediatric hematology/oncology patients

Abstract: hematology/oncology patients Martina I. Lefterovaa, Jennifer I. Romerob, Kathleen Gutierrezc, Gary Dahld, and Niaz Banaeia,e,f aDepartment of Pathology, cDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, dDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, eDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, fClinical Microbiology Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; bcurrently at Division of Immunology and Ophthalmology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA USA.